Labor Protection & Working Conditions

Labor Protection Introduction

• Labor is a human activity using tools to transform nature and create objects to meet needs
• Occupational safety aims to preserve workers' health and life through legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary, medical, rehabilitation measures
• Production activity involves workers using labor means to transform resources into finished goods

Defining Working Conditions

• Safe conditions mean the absence of hazardous/harmful factors or their impact is within permissible limits
• Hazardous factors can cause worker injury like hot objects, rotating parts
• Harmful ones can lead to worker illness

Categories of Hazardous and Harmful Factors (GOST 12.0.003-74*)

• Physical: moving mechanisms, temperature variations, dust/gas contamination, humidity, air speed, noise, vibration, insufficient lighting, radiation, electric shock
• Chemical: toxic, irritating, allergenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, affecting reproduction
• Biological: microorganisms, macroorganisms
• Psychophysiological: physical overload, neuropsychic overload, sensory overload, emotional stress, monotonous work

Mental vs. Physical Labor

• Mental and physical labor are interconnected aspects of human activity and division of labor
• Mental work involves analytical and synthetic mental activity to format information
• Physical labor involves muscular effort to change the material environment
• All activities combine mental and physical labor
• Mental functions support information processing, and physical effort involves planning and control

Classes of Working Conditions Based on Hygiene

• Optimal: Ensures productivity and minimizes stress, using safe levels of microclimate/work process factors, preserving health and encouraging productivity
• Permissible: Harmful effects stay within workplace levels, functional changes are restored during rest, with no future adverse health impact on workers and their offspring
• Classes one and two relate to safe working conditions
• Harmful: Exceeds hygiene standards and adversly affects the health
• Hazardous: Exposure to factors poses a life threat and causes high risk of acute injury

Work Intensity Classification (R.2.2.755-99)

• Optimal (easy) work
• Permissible (moderate) work
• Harmful (hard) work

Types of working conditions

• Physical
• Household
• Social
• Production

Considerations for Women and Teenagers

• Production settings should consider anatomical and physiological traits
• Limited adolescent labor is recommended when carrying heavy loads with a maximum weight of 4.1 kg for those aged 16-18
• Women have regulated load limits, favorable rest, restricted night labor, shorter work schedules
• Women can lift/move 10 kg intermittently or 7 kg constantly
• Pregnant women require transfers to less hazardous jobs

Intensity and Severity Assessment Methods

• Physical activity requires both static and dynamic effort
• Dynamic is associated with movement and displacement
• Static is associated with maintaining muscle tension
• Classifying work by severity is relevant in various industries
• Severity is assessed using regulations and expressed in ergometric values

Key Indicators of Work Process Severity

• Physical dynamic load
• Manually lifted/moved load mass
• Stereotypical labor movements
• Static load
• Working position
• Body tilts
• Movement in space

Quantitative approach

• Each indicator requires a unique measurement and assessment method for classifying the subject

Microclimate Definition

• The microclimate factors include: air temperature, equipment surface temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, thermal radiation

Heat Exchange Mechanisms

• These include radiation (infrared), thermal conductivity (contact), convection (air speed), evaporation (temperature, humidity, speed of movement)

Regulation methods that are severity based

• Microclimate regulation follows SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96

Work Severity Categories (energy expenditure based)

• Light: Sitting (1a), sitting/light walking (1b)
• Medium weight: Standing, product weight up to 1 kg (2a); standing, product weight 1-10 kg (2b)
• Heavy: Constant physical exertion, product weight over 10 kg (3)

Period Determination

• This is based on average daily temperature: cold (below +10°C), warm (above +10°C)

Microclimate Considerations

• Optimal values provide thermal comfort for 8 hours, and acceptable cause localized discomfort

Ventilation Function

• Ventilation's organized air exchange removes harmful substances and optimizes microclimate factors

Industrial Ventilation Classification

• Natural, mechanical, mixed (natural plus mechanical)
• General exchange (Local)
• Supply Exhaust Supply and exhaust Exhaust Supply
• Emergency ventilation is performed when hazardous substances are released

Ventilation Requirements

• It involves ensuring proper air ratios, and avoiding hazardous factors easy operation

Natural ventilation

• Organized through openings/structures
• Disorganized is due to structural leaks

Advantages and Disadvantages

• Natural ventilation offers low costs but lacks substance elimination
• Mechanical ventilation allows air treatment, supply, extraction, air purification but costs more

Local ventilation

• Removes substances from emission areas or normalizes microclimate parameters

Local Ventilation System Types:

• Protective dust-exclusion hood
• Extractor hood
• Fume hood
• On-board suction
• Air showers

Airflow

• Air showers, air oases, thermal curtains are used for local supply
• Air showering is usefull in hot shops

Methods for Calculating General Exchange Ventilation

• By employee count (no emissions) L? is air volume, L1P is air required per worker
• With harmful substances Gвр is emission mass, C1 exhaust concentration C2 supply
• By moisture release D is water vapor mass, d1 removed air moisture d2 supply air
• By air exchange rate K is rate (1-10), L is volume, V is volume Topic: Industrial lighting

Light Basics

• Light is visible electromagnetic radiation (380-780 nm)

Qualities

• Lighting engineering considers both quantitative (adequacy) and qualitative (comfort) aspects

Quantitative Illumination Values

• Luminous flux measures perceived light energy
• Luminous intensity measures luminous flux spatial density
• Illumination measures luminous flux surface density
• Surface brightness measures luminous intensity reflected

Qualitative Illumination Values

• Spectral composition
• Pulsation coefficient measures depth change
• Pulsation reduction involves increasing frequency, connecting lamps to phases, changing the solid angle

Stroboscopic Effects

• When light pulsation's frequency matches object movement, distortion occurs

Industrial Lighting Requirements

• Adequacy
• Uniformity
• No shadows
• Directionality
• Simplicity
• Reliability
• Low cost
• Safe operation

Lighting Fixtures

• Utilize direct, reflected and diffused light with open and closed options

Industrial Lighting Classification

• Options include natural (overhead/side), artificial (general/local), and combined.
• Types include: working, standby, security, evacuation, and emergency

Standardization

• This is set by SNiP 23-05-95 which covers natural/artificial/combined lighting
• Artificial lighting is standardized based on work

Factors to consider for lighting

• Characteristics of visual work
• Category of work
• Subcategory of work
• Lighting system
• Visual accuracy is measured in mm

Standard Parameters of Artificial Lighting

• Illumination value measured in lux along with glare index and pulsation coefficient

Natural Lighting

• Standardized by the natural lighting coefficient

Defining Sky Characteristics

• Outdoor illumination is that of a clear sky with 100-point cloudiness
• Natural is required at every workstation
• Warehouses, changing rooms and medical facilities do not require natural light

Light Sources

• Incandescent lamps (IL) offer advantages like no pulsation or radio interference, cheapness, and simplicity
• Incandescent lamps (IL) present disadvantages like low light output and a short service life
• Gas discharge lamps offer high light output, long life, and spectral range
• Gas discharge lamps present disadvantages such as complexity, noise, and pulsation of luminous flux

GOST 12.0.003-74*

• Hazardous and harmful production factors are classified into these 4 groups:

• Physical

• Chemical

• Biological

• Psychophysiological The main safety requirements for technological processes are to:

• Eliminate direct contact

• Replacement of processes

• Comprehensive systems

• Complete equipment

• Protective equipment is used

Zone considerations

• Ensure hazardous and harmful substance and material removal from the work area
• Reduce the level of harmful factors
• Ensure protection from effects
• Ensure timely receiving of information during
• Ensure a safe environment
• Designate zones of permanently active hazardous production

Standard zone types

• uninsulated current-carrying parts of electrical installations
• power transmission lines (PTL)
• unprotected height differences of 1.3 m or more
• where harmful substances are contained

Potentially active Hazardous Factors

• territories near a building structure under construction
• floors of buildings and structures in one capture
• above which the installation of structures or equipment takes place
• zones of movement of machines, equipment or their parts
• working bodies, places where cargo is moved by overhead cranes

Standards

• Zones with constantly active hazardous production factors must be protected by fences (GOST 23407-78)

Priorities

• when carrying out construction and installation work in hazardous areas, ensuring work safety is a top priority.

Preventative measure

• Installation of appropriate fences
• Storage of materials and products
• Maintenance of clean and functional rooms

Vibration Summary

• Vibration is oscillatory motion produced by unbalanced masses/electromagnetic oscillations.
• Vibration causes vibration disease with nervous system disruption
• Loss of sensitivity/hand tremors may result

Vibration properties

• Transmission to a person can be general or local
• The direction of action follows the X, Y, Z-axis
• Generation is based on transport, and technological means
• Time characteristics can be variable

Standards

• Vibration is standardized by frequency using root-mean-square velocity (m/s), acceleration (m/s^2), logarithimic levels (dB)

Methods of combating vibration.

• Reduction of vibration at the source.
• Avoid resonance by using natural frequency design
• Vibration damping for surface friction

Vibration Damping

• Reduce energy transfer by Internal damping and external damping

Vibration Isolations and PPE

• Vibration isolation reduces propagation via springs and rubber
• Use gloves and shoes to reduce impacts to persons

Permisibly

• Reduce exposure time in a controlled environment

Sound

• Sound is vibrations in the air affecting organs
• Noise is sets of sounds that disturb and affect human health

What are the physical properties of noise?

• Frequency (Hz) is related to octaves
• Pressure (Pa) is calculated

Noise characteristics

• a normal conversation is 50 dB
• Machine tools 70dB
• Plane 140dB
• eardrum 145dB

Noise Classifications

• Classified by the formation for mechanics and hydrodynamics
• Based on spectrum
• HF/MF/LF

The nature of noise

• Tonal and broadband

Noise Time properties

• Constant with changes
• Inconstant with flactuation

Noise Effects

• Effects nervious system/circulation & the ear

Noise Reduction

• Control source

Electromagnetic Radiation Summary

• Sources: power transmission lines and open distribution devices

Acceptable Values

• Up to 5 kW/m for 8 hours, then PPE or shielding are needed

Protective shielding

• Screens are stationary, portable, require grounding with metal mesh

PPE

• Shields with jackets made of rubber and gloves also require grounding

Radio Frequency

• Electromagnetic field is the zone
• LF, MF, HF

Considerations

• Distance to the source determines EMF

EMF Properties

• Near is electric and magnetic fields
• Far EMF is PPE levels

EMF Factors

• Irradiation exposure affects thermal effects

Radiation organisational activities

• Select equipment mode

Radiation Technical Activities

• Shield the source,

Safety measures for radiation

• use of warning signals and PPE
• correct workplace
• source location
• territorial demands
• therapeutic measures

Hazards

• The most dangerous type of work that has chemical, and biological negative factors produce harmful substances

Hazard Locations

• These are hazardous and harmful at the facility especially in the work place.

Standards

• Ensure hazard identification, risk assessment and selection of safety controls

Work Stages

• Determine potential injury risks in stages

Safety Planning

• Implement to maintain procedures, assess risks and appropritate safety controls

Standards

• Hazard identification and risk assessment shall take into account: normal & special modes of operation

Harmful substances hazard class (GOST 12.1.007 SSBT)

• 1- extremely hazardous substances 2- highly hazardous substances

Safety measures

• Implement at a stage, a plan, technology or resource

Safety during technological processes

• Eliminate all contact with source materials/blanks
• Eliminate and replace with safer measures
• Always ensure mechanisation
• Seal off the equipment

Electric Shock

• Electrical incident are injuries from current and or arcs

Electrical Categories

• Injuries can be associated with disruptions to equipment or high electromagnetic fields

Electric Voltage Types

• Injuries can be burns, blindness or more
• Can be caused static electricity

Main Electrical Impact

• Thermal can cause the burns
• Electrolytical- decomposition of blood
• Physiological- muscle contraction.

Electric Categories

• Local injuries-burns, grey spots, metallisation

Electrical measure

• Perception 5mA is perceptible
• Non release 10-50 MA not very dangerous
• Fibrillation 50 Ma heart issues
• 100mA is deadly

Shock Factors

• Risk can be based voltage and AC current or frequency

Safety in premises

• Dry insulated, less dangerous

Safety in Humidity

• Increased levels create hazardous conditions

Grounding

• Install barrier’s- Ultra voltage, safe direct contact

Safety factors

• insulation breakdown, step voltage, overhead lines.

Protection

• Insulation of course.
• Ground all.
• Neutral.

###Training in labour

• in accordance with GOST you need to be trained.
• All new personnel especially, must pass.
• Need to be refreshed on safety.

Training instructions

• Includes briefing, led by professional, with proper safety rules.

Workplace specifics

• Master trains for equipmebt
• Safety is briefed every so often in the log.

Safety Training

• Covers all new employees or students.

Special training

• Should be lead by a specialist

Accidents

• Accidents are the exposure to a toxic or hazardous zone

Cause of injuries

• Poor training or lack controls. Driving violations for equipment too
• Technical issues and equipment
• Sanitarty too
• Physiological issues

Investigation

• You need to notify the foreman
• Have a look to prevent re accurence

Special commission

• Chairman rep ,

H1

• Is the sheet of the investigation
• Keep that sheet.