Lab Skills and Measurements Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the atom?

  • Proton
  • Molecule (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Neutron

What do you call the changing of a substance into one or more different substances?

  • Chemical change (correct)
  • Decomposition
  • Physical change
  • Phase change

What term describes the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?

  • Electron affinity
  • Ionization energy (correct)
  • Electronegativity
  • Atomic radius

Which of these is a property of both ionic and covalent compounds?

<p>High melting point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points?

<p>Distillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of the element; composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Chemical Change

A change in the composition of matter; new substances with different properties are formed.

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; determines the element's identity.

Covalent Bonding

The attractive force between two atoms due to the sharing of electrons.

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What is a Lewis Structure?

A representation of the valence electrons of an atom; helps predict bonding and molecular shape.

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Study Notes

Lab Skills and Measurements

  • Data collection is crucial in experiments.
  • Sources of error are inherent in any measurement process. Understanding them is vital for improved accuracy.
  • Percent error quantifies the difference between measured and accepted values. Standard deviation indicates data spread and variability.
  • Significant figures reflect the precision of measurements. Rules for determining them are essential.
  • Accurate measurement is fundamental in science. Understanding various units and their conversions is important.
  • Dimensional analysis is a method for converting units. Proper conversion factors ensure accurate results.

Matter

  • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
  • Properties of matter can be categorized as physical or chemical.
  • Physical changes alter a substance's appearance without changing its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include dissolving sugar in water or cutting paper.
  • Chemical changes alter a substance's composition, producing new substances. Recognizing evidence of a chemical change is critical. Examples include burning wood or rust.
  • Matter is categorized as elements, compounds, or mixtures. Understanding these classifications is vital.
  • Methods for separating mixtures (e.g., filtration, distillation) are critical in chemistry.

The Atom

  • Democritus and Dalton contributed to the understanding of the atom. Dalton's atomic theory is a cornerstone.
  • Key laws of matter relevant to atomic structure, like the law of definite proportions, conservation of mass, and multiple proportions are crucial for understanding atomic behavior.
  • Thomson's model and Rutherford's model have helped us refine our view of atomic structure.
  • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Fundamental understanding of subatomic particles is essential.
  • Mass number, atomic mass, and atomic weight are measures of the atom's mass.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have important properties and applications.

Light and Electrons

  • Electromagnetic radiation has wave-like and particle-like properties. Understanding these properties is important.
  • Bohr's model of the atom contributed to the understanding of quantized energy levels.
  • Energy levels are discrete energy states in an atom. Knowledge of electron transitions between these energy levels is important to understand light absorption/emission.
  • Schrodinger's equation describes electron behavior in an atom. Electron states, or atomic orbitals, are described in quantum mechanical terms.
  • Filling atomic orbitals follows the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle. Electron configuration depicts the arrangement of electrons in orbitals for an element.

The Periodic Table

  • The periodic table is an arrangement of elements. Its development, driven by periodic trends, is vital for understanding elemental properties.
  • The organization of the periodic table provides information like atomic number, elemental symbol, and atomic mass.
  • Groups on the periodic table exhibit similar chemical properties. These properties are key to understanding reactivity.
  • Periodic trends like effective nuclear charge, atomic radius, and ionization energy help predict and explain element properties.

Naming Compounds

  • Electronegativity values determine the type of bonds formed.
  • Formation of ions (cations and anions) is crucial for ionic compounds' structure and bonding.
  • Naming ionic compounds follows specific rules.
  • Naming covalent compounds requires understanding prefixes and suffixes.

Chemical Bonding

  • Ionic compounds are formed through electrostatic attraction.
  • Lewis structures visually represent bonding in ionic compounds.
  • Covalent compounds are formed by sharing electrons. Lewis structures depict shared electrons in covalent bonds.
  • VSEPR theory predicts molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsion.
  • Polarity results from unequal electron sharing and plays a role in molecular interactions.

Chemical Reactions

  • Types of chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis, decomposition, single displacement) are key for predicting product formation.
  • Predicting products and balancing chemical equations are fundamental to stoichiometry problems.

The Mole

  • The mole is the SI unit for amount of substance.
  • Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance. Calculating molar mass is important for various stoichiometric calculations.
  • Converting between grams, particles, and moles of a substance is vital skill in chemistry. Understanding these conversions.
  • Percent composition defines the percentage of each element in a compound.

Stoichiometry

  • Calculating amounts of product using chemical equations and information about reactants is called stoichiometry.
  • Limiting and excess reagents determine the maximum amount of product formed.
  • Percent yield compares the actual yield of a reaction to the theoretical yield.

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