Lab Safety and Scientific Method Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of anaerobic respiration in muscles during intense exercise?

  • Build-up of lactic acid (correct)
  • Increased production of carbon dioxide
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Production of glucose

    • Which component is produced during the process of photosynthesis?

  • ATP
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Methane

    • What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?

  • To transport oxygen in the bloodstream
  • To regulate heart rate
  • To store genetic information
  • To store energy for cellular processes (correct)

    • Which statement correctly describes autotrophs in relation to energy?

    <p>They convert sunlight into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?

    <p>It acts as a high energy electron carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an input for the Light Independent Reaction?

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the Light Dependent Reaction?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has a direct impact on the efficiency of photosynthesis related to light?

    <p>Color of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzyme rubisco in the Light Independent Reaction?

    <p>Fixates carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature affect the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>It can decrease enzyme activity if not optimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?

    <p>A compound is made up of different elements, while a molecule can be the same or different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes isotopes?

    <p>Isotopes have a different number of neutrons, resulting in varying atomic masses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in biological systems?

    <p>They help speed up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an organic substance?

    <p>A substance containing carbon and at least one other element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the tertiary structure in proteins?

    <p>It involves the 3D shape resulting from interactions between R-groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the eight main life functions?

    <p>Discretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of respiration in living organisms?

    <p>To produce ATP by breaking down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of particle is negatively charged?

    <p>Electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a mixture?

    <p>Two or more substances not chemically combined together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the production of new life?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes cohesion?

    <p>Water is attracted to itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one ion to another?

    <p>Ionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component has the highest atomic mass?

    <p>Neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>To bind with the substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To speed up the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the addition of water to break down molecules?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Regulation of substance entry and exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lysosomes in animal cells?

    <p>To recycle old cell parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component provides rigidity and protection only in plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle coordinates cell activity and contains DNA?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is primarily formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of lipids in the body?

    <p>Long-term energy storage and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Serves as an enzyme to form peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems?

    <p>By lowering the activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is unique to each of the 20 amino acids and determines the properties of the amino acid?

    <p>R-side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond primarily holds the quaternary structure of proteins together?

    <p>Non-covalent interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?

    <p>Insulation and energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes ions?

    <p>Atoms that have gained or lost electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is a mixture made up of two or more substances that are chemically combined?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?

    <p>To perform various functions such as catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and transporting molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic compounds primarily contain __________ and __________.

    <p>carbon, hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following macromolecules with their primary components:

    <p>Proteins = Amino acids Carbohydrates = Sugars Nucleic acids = Nucleotides Lipids = Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is formed when the amino group of one amino acid bonds with the carboxyl group of another amino acid?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are primarily involved in short-term energy storage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Short-term energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are called ______.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:

    <p>mRNA = Carries DNA message to ribosomes tRNA = Brings amino acids to ribosome rRNA = Forms peptide bonds in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is crucial for an enzyme's activity?

    <p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates consist only of carbon and oxygen atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen serves as an energy storage form in ______.

    <p>animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered living organisms because they can reproduce on their own.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substance called that is made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell structure, the smallest part of an element is called an ______.

    <p>atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of life with their definitions:

    <p>Regulation = Control and coordination of life processes Excretion = Removal of waste products Respiration = Production of ATP by breaking down food Growth &amp; Repair = Increase in size and repair damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond involves the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms?

    <p>Covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water molecules exhibit cohesion due to the attraction between water molecules themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the charge of neutrons found in an atom.

    <p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inputs are required for the Light Dependent Reaction?

    <p>ADP, NADP+, H2O, Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Light Independent Reaction, glucose is produced using inputs of CO2, ATP, and NADPH.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis due to lack of warmth?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Light Independent Reaction, the enzyme ________ is responsible for fixing carbon.

    <p>rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their impact on photosynthesis:

    <p>Temperature = Affects enzyme activity Light Intensity = Influences glucose and oxygen production Color of Light = Red and blue light are most effective Water Availability = Essential for oxygen and glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?

    <p>Decreases blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback amplifies a stimulus until a goal is reached.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diabetes?

    <p>A disease where the body cannot regulate blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mitochondria takes in oxygen and glucose to produce water, ATP, and __________.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their effects on blood glucose levels:

    <p>Insulin = Decreases blood glucose level Glucagon = Increases blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main function do mitochondria serve in relation to other organelles?

    <p>They provide energy (ATP) for the organelles to function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomes are primarily responsible for the digestion of large particles in the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell membrane is composed of ________ which have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

    <p>phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell transport mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy Active Transport = Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using ATP Exocytosis = Release of substances from a cell using vesicles Phagocytosis = Engulfing large particles to form a vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an isotonic environment, the net movement of water is:

    <p>Equal in both directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis within a system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the levels of organization from multicellular organisms.

    <p>Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lab Safety

    • Know the general rules.

    Scientific Method and Experimental Design

    • Ask a question.
    • Do background research.
    • Make a hypothesis.
    • Conduct experiments.
    • Analyze results.
    • Draw a conclusion.
    • Importance/steps in an experiment

    Hypothesis

    • Prediction before the experiment
    • Independent variable vs Dependent Variable -Independent variable (x-axis) is what is changed by the scientist -Dependent variable (y-axis) responds to the independent variable
    • Control vs Experimental Groups: -Control group does not receive the treatment -Experimental groups receives the treatment
    • How to improve experiments: -Increase sample size -Strategies for measuring/tracking -Both control and experimental groups should be present -Peer review experiments -Repeat experiments

    Basic Measurement

    • Ruler measurement (quantifiable data)
    • Qualitative data (descriptive, not numerical)
    • Quantitative data (numerical)

    Line Graph

    • Shows relationship between an independent and dependent variable -Independent variable on the x-axis -Dependent variable on the y-axis
    • Direct relationship- as one variable increases, the other increases
    • Inverse relationship- as one variable increases, the other decreases
    • Cyclic relationship- repeats over time

    Life Functions

    • All Living Things: -Be made up of one or more cells
      • Undergo metabolic processes (Metabolism) -All chemical reactions to make and use energy in an organism

    Basic Chemistry

    • Matter: anything with mass and occupies space is made of atoms

    • Atom: the smallest part of an element

    • Element: substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (different properties)

    • Compound-2 or more elements chemically combined

    • Molecule: 2 or more non-metal elements chemically bonded

    • Mixture: 2 or more substances not chemically combined

    • Subatomic particles: -Proton (+ charge, atomic number) -Neutron (no charge, atomic mass-atomic number) -Electron (- charge, atomic number)

    • Properties of water: -Cohesion - water attracted to other water molecules -Adhesion - water attracted to other molecules

    • Types of bonds: -Ionic -transfer of electrons from one atom to another -Covalent - sharing electrons (strongest bond) -Polar - electrons shared unequally -Non-polar - electrons shared equally

    Acids vs Bases

    • Acids: Hydrogen containing substance capable of donating a proton (to another substance) (<7)
    • Bases: Molecule or ion capable of accepting a hydrogen ion or releasing a hydroxide ion (>7)
    • 7 is neutral

    Macromolecules

    • Protein (CHON): -Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Functions are determined by shape -Antibodies protect your body from diseases and transport molecules across membranes -Build and repair structures
    • Dipeptide-2 amino acids bond together
    • Polypeptide-polymers of proteins (carboxyl group bonds with the amino group of another)
    • Primary-sequence of amino acids
    • Secondary-folded
    • Tertiary-3D structure due to non-covalent interactions
    • Quaternary-Multiple polypeptide chains interact to form a final 3D structure

    Lipids (CHO)

    • Long-term energy
    • Important messengers
    • Insulation - keeps us warm
    • Cell membrane structure
    • Absorb fat-soluble vitamins

    Carbohydrates (CHO)

    • Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
    • Disaccharides: two monosaccharides linked together
    • Polysaccharides(starch, cellulose, glycogen)
    • Short-term energy

    Nucleic Acids (CHONP)

    • Store and express genetic information
    • DNA-genetic info
    • RNA: -Messenger RNA (mRNA) -Transfer RNA (tRNA) -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

    Enzymes

    • Stored in molecules bonds
    • Important for shape and function of enzymes
    • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy (required for reactions to take place)
    • Enzymes have specific shapes
    • Enzymes can be reused with similar substrates

    Active site vs. Substrates

    • Active site-specifically shaped part of an enzyme where the substrate binds
    • Substrate- substance that the enzyme works on
    • Catalyst-speeds up the reaction
    • Product-end result

    Environmental Effects on Enzymes

    • Temperature or pH changes enzyme shape
    • Enzyme denatures - can no longer function properly

    Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

    • Dehydration - water is removed to build molecules
    • Hydrolysis- water is added to break down molecules

    Cell Theory & Major Organelles

    • Cell theory: all living things consist of one or more cells and come from preexisting cells
    • Cell Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves; selective permeability
    • Cytoplasm: provides shape and support
    • Nucleus: coordinates cell activity; contains DNA
    • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
    • Mitochondria: cellular respiration, produces ATP
    • Vacuoles: storage of water, nutrients, etc. (animals usually don't have this but Plants do)
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER): transports proteins/lipids/carbohydrates
    • Golgi apparatus: packages and ships proteins, carbs lipids
    • Lysosomes: break down harmful substances

    Plant vs Animal Cells

    • Plant cells have cell walls that provide structure, but animal cells do not

    Cell Transport

    • Diffusion- high to low concentration, passive transport, no energy required
    • Passive transport- high to low; no energy
    • Active transport- low to high; energy required
    • Osmosis- movement of water from high to low concentration, passive transport -Hypotonic-water inside versus outside -Hypertonic-water outside versus inside -Isotonic-equal water inside and outside

    Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

    • Phagocytosis-large particle engulfment
    • Pinocytosis- taking in large dissolved particles
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis- take in molecules that have a specific receptor

    Feedback Mechanisms

    • Dynamic equilibrium - balanced, stable, but always changing
    • Positive feedback - amplifies stimulus until a goal is reached
    • Negative feedback - counteracts/opposes stimulus to return to normal state
    • Homeostasis- maintaining stable internal condition

    Cellular Respiration

    • Mitochondria uses oxygen and glucose to produce water, ATP, and carbon dioxide
    • Location-mitochondria
    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic doesn't
    • Lactic acid buildup in anaerobic respiration

    Photosynthesis

    • Autotrophs make their own food using photosynthesis
    • Converts light energy to chemical (glucose)
    • Location-chloroplasts where chlorophyll absorbs red/blue light and reflects green Light independent and light dependent reactions.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics in lab safety, the scientific method, and experimental design. It includes key concepts such as hypothesis formation, understanding variables, and the importance of control groups. Additionally, it discusses measurement types and the creation of line graphs to analyze data.

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