Lab Safety and Scientific Method Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of anaerobic respiration in muscles during intense exercise?

  • Build-up of lactic acid (correct)
  • Increased production of carbon dioxide
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Production of glucose

Which component is produced during the process of photosynthesis?

  • ATP
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Methane

What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?

  • To transport oxygen in the bloodstream
  • To regulate heart rate
  • To store genetic information
  • To store energy for cellular processes (correct)

Which statement correctly describes autotrophs in relation to energy?

<p>They convert sunlight into chemical energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?

<p>It acts as a high energy electron carrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an input for the Light Independent Reaction?

<p>NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the Light Dependent Reaction?

<p>ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has a direct impact on the efficiency of photosynthesis related to light?

<p>Color of light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzyme rubisco in the Light Independent Reaction?

<p>Fixates carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect the process of photosynthesis?

<p>It can decrease enzyme activity if not optimal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?

<p>A compound is made up of different elements, while a molecule can be the same or different. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes isotopes?

<p>Isotopes have a different number of neutrons, resulting in varying atomic masses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in biological systems?

<p>They help speed up chemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organic substance?

<p>A substance containing carbon and at least one other element. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tertiary structure in proteins?

<p>It involves the 3D shape resulting from interactions between R-groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight main life functions?

<p>Discretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of respiration in living organisms?

<p>To produce ATP by breaking down food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of particle is negatively charged?

<p>Electron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a mixture?

<p>Two or more substances not chemically combined together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the production of new life?

<p>Reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes cohesion?

<p>Water is attracted to itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one ion to another?

<p>Ionic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component has the highest atomic mass?

<p>Neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?

<p>To bind with the substrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

<p>To speed up the reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the addition of water to break down molecules?

<p>Hydrolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>Regulation of substance entry and exit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

<p>Ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of lysosomes in animal cells?

<p>To recycle old cell parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component provides rigidity and protection only in plant cells?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle coordinates cell activity and contains DNA?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is primarily formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another?

<p>Peptide bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of lipids in the body?

<p>Long-term energy storage and insulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Serves as an enzyme to form peptide bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems?

<p>By lowering the activation energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is unique to each of the 20 amino acids and determines the properties of the amino acid?

<p>R-side chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond primarily holds the quaternary structure of proteins together?

<p>Non-covalent interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?

<p>Insulation and energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes ions?

<p>Atoms that have gained or lost electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a mixture made up of two or more substances that are chemically combined?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?

<p>To perform various functions such as catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and transporting molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic compounds primarily contain __________ and __________.

<p>carbon, hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macromolecules with their primary components:

<p>Proteins = Amino acids Carbohydrates = Sugars Nucleic acids = Nucleotides Lipids = Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is formed when the amino group of one amino acid bonds with the carboxyl group of another amino acid?

<p>Peptide bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are primarily involved in short-term energy storage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

<p>Short-term energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are called ______.

<p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:

<p>mRNA = Carries DNA message to ribosomes tRNA = Brings amino acids to ribosome rRNA = Forms peptide bonds in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is crucial for an enzyme's activity?

<p>Shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates consist only of carbon and oxygen atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen serves as an energy storage form in ______.

<p>animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are considered living organisms because they can reproduce on their own.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance called that is made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together?

<p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cell structure, the smallest part of an element is called an ______.

<p>atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of life with their definitions:

<p>Regulation = Control and coordination of life processes Excretion = Removal of waste products Respiration = Production of ATP by breaking down food Growth &amp; Repair = Increase in size and repair damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond involves the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water molecules exhibit cohesion due to the attraction between water molecules themselves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the charge of neutrons found in an atom.

<p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inputs are required for the Light Dependent Reaction?

<p>ADP, NADP+, H2O, Sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Light Independent Reaction, glucose is produced using inputs of CO2, ATP, and NADPH.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis due to lack of warmth?

<p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Light Independent Reaction, the enzyme ________ is responsible for fixing carbon.

<p>rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their impact on photosynthesis:

<p>Temperature = Affects enzyme activity Light Intensity = Influences glucose and oxygen production Color of Light = Red and blue light are most effective Water Availability = Essential for oxygen and glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?

<p>Decreases blood glucose level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback amplifies a stimulus until a goal is reached.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes?

<p>A disease where the body cannot regulate blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitochondria takes in oxygen and glucose to produce water, ATP, and __________.

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their effects on blood glucose levels:

<p>Insulin = Decreases blood glucose level Glucagon = Increases blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main function do mitochondria serve in relation to other organelles?

<p>They provide energy (ATP) for the organelles to function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes are primarily responsible for the digestion of large particles in the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is composed of ________ which have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

<p>phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell transport mechanisms with their descriptions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy Active Transport = Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using ATP Exocytosis = Release of substances from a cell using vesicles Phagocytosis = Engulfing large particles to form a vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an isotonic environment, the net movement of water is:

<p>Equal in both directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis within a system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the levels of organization from multicellular organisms.

<p>Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Non-polar Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms, leading to a balanced distribution of charge.

Polar Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, resulting in a slightly positive and slightly negative end.

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive (electrons were lost) or negative charge (electrons gained).

Dipeptide

A molecule consisting of two amino acids linked together by a peptide bond.

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Polypeptide

A polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They form long chains and have different levels of structure.

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Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Reproduction

The process of creating new individuals of the same species.

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Respiration

The process of breaking down food to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Growth and Repair

An increase in size or the repair of damaged tissues.

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Excretion

The removal of waste products from the body.

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Nutrition

The process of obtaining and using food for energy and nutrients.

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Transport

The movement of substances within an organism, such as blood circulation or the absorption of nutrients.

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Synthesis

The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones.

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Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that does not require oxygen and produces lactic acid buildup, leading to muscle fatigue.

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Photosynthesis

Process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process uses inorganic materials (CO2 and water) to create organic molecules.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis, like plants.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, like animals.

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ATP

A high-energy molecule used by cells for energy. It has three phosphate groups.

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Active Site

The specific part of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

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Substrate

The substance that an enzyme works on.

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Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

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Product

The end result of an enzymatic reaction.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, allowing nutrients in and wastes out, while protecting the cell from its environment.

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Cytoplasm

The fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for chemical reactions.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing the DNA, which directs cell activity.

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Ribosomes

The organelles responsible for protein synthesis, the building blocks of life.

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Light Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

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Light Independent Reactions

The second stage of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

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Rubisco

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the Calvin cycle, fixing carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.

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NADPH

A molecule that carries high-energy electrons, used to power the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.

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Glucose

The main product of photosynthesis, a sugar molecule that provides energy for the plant.

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Hydrogen bonds

A type of bond that forms between molecules due to the weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. This usually occurs between a metal and nonmetal.

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Quaternary Structure

The highest level of protein structure, formed by the interaction and assembly of multiple polypeptide chains, creating a functional protein.

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Amino Group

The group in an amino acid responsible for forming peptide bonds with other amino acids. It is chemically characterized by a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

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Carboxyl Group

The group in an amino acid that forms peptide bonds with the amino group of another amino acid. It consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

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R-side Chain

The unique side chain of an amino acid, which determines its specific properties and reactivity.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

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What are ions?

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.

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What is a molecule?

A group of two or more elements chemically bonded together.

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What is a compound?

A substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined.

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What are organic molecules?

They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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What are hydrogen bonds?

A weak electrostatic attraction between two atoms that are already participating in other chemical bonds.

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Compound

A substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

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Chemical bond

The force that holds atoms together in a molecule.

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Covalent bond

A type of chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.

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Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing large particles (like bacteria) into a cell, forming a vacuole.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Exocytosis

The process of releasing molecules from a cell using vesicles.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy (ATP). It occurs from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, requiring energy (ATP).

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Dynamic Equilibrium

A state where there is a balance but the system is constantly changing.

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Positive Feedback

A type of feedback mechanism that amplifies or enhances the original stimulus.

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Negative Feedback

A type of feedback mechanism that counteracts or reduces the original stimulus.

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Target Cell

A cell that has receptors specifically designed to bind to a certain hormone, allowing it to respond to that hormone.

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Insulin

A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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Glucagon

A hormone that raises blood glucose levels by causing the liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.

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Protein Structure

The specific shape of a protein molecule, determined by the arrangement of its amino acids. This shape is crucial for the protein's function.

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Enzyme Activity

The process by which enzymes speed up chemical reactions within living organisms by lowering the required activation energy.

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Major Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

The process of photosynthesis is directly affected by temperature, light intensity, color of light, availability of water, and the amount of carbon dioxide.

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Carbon Fixation

The initial reaction in the Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is fixed by the enzyme Rubisco, combining it with RuBP (a five-carbon sugar) to form an unstable six-carbon compound.

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Study Notes

Lab Safety

  • Know the general rules.

Scientific Method and Experimental Design

  • Ask a question.
  • Do background research.
  • Make a hypothesis.
  • Conduct experiments.
  • Analyze results.
  • Draw a conclusion.
  • Importance/steps in an experiment

Hypothesis

  • Prediction before the experiment
  • Independent variable vs Dependent Variable -Independent variable (x-axis) is what is changed by the scientist -Dependent variable (y-axis) responds to the independent variable
  • Control vs Experimental Groups: -Control group does not receive the treatment -Experimental groups receives the treatment
  • How to improve experiments: -Increase sample size -Strategies for measuring/tracking -Both control and experimental groups should be present -Peer review experiments -Repeat experiments

Basic Measurement

  • Ruler measurement (quantifiable data)
  • Qualitative data (descriptive, not numerical)
  • Quantitative data (numerical)

Line Graph

  • Shows relationship between an independent and dependent variable -Independent variable on the x-axis -Dependent variable on the y-axis
  • Direct relationship- as one variable increases, the other increases
  • Inverse relationship- as one variable increases, the other decreases
  • Cyclic relationship- repeats over time

Life Functions

  • All Living Things: -Be made up of one or more cells
    • Undergo metabolic processes (Metabolism) -All chemical reactions to make and use energy in an organism

Basic Chemistry

  • Matter: anything with mass and occupies space is made of atoms

  • Atom: the smallest part of an element

  • Element: substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (different properties)

  • Compound-2 or more elements chemically combined

  • Molecule: 2 or more non-metal elements chemically bonded

  • Mixture: 2 or more substances not chemically combined

  • Subatomic particles: -Proton (+ charge, atomic number) -Neutron (no charge, atomic mass-atomic number) -Electron (- charge, atomic number)

  • Properties of water: -Cohesion - water attracted to other water molecules -Adhesion - water attracted to other molecules

  • Types of bonds: -Ionic -transfer of electrons from one atom to another -Covalent - sharing electrons (strongest bond) -Polar - electrons shared unequally -Non-polar - electrons shared equally

Acids vs Bases

  • Acids: Hydrogen containing substance capable of donating a proton (to another substance) (<7)
  • Bases: Molecule or ion capable of accepting a hydrogen ion or releasing a hydroxide ion (>7)
  • 7 is neutral

Macromolecules

  • Protein (CHON): -Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Functions are determined by shape -Antibodies protect your body from diseases and transport molecules across membranes -Build and repair structures
  • Dipeptide-2 amino acids bond together
  • Polypeptide-polymers of proteins (carboxyl group bonds with the amino group of another)
  • Primary-sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary-folded
  • Tertiary-3D structure due to non-covalent interactions
  • Quaternary-Multiple polypeptide chains interact to form a final 3D structure

Lipids (CHO)

  • Long-term energy
  • Important messengers
  • Insulation - keeps us warm
  • Cell membrane structure
  • Absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Carbohydrates (CHO)

  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
  • Disaccharides: two monosaccharides linked together
  • Polysaccharides(starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • Short-term energy

Nucleic Acids (CHONP)

  • Store and express genetic information
  • DNA-genetic info
  • RNA: -Messenger RNA (mRNA) -Transfer RNA (tRNA) -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Enzymes

  • Stored in molecules bonds
  • Important for shape and function of enzymes
  • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy (required for reactions to take place)
  • Enzymes have specific shapes
  • Enzymes can be reused with similar substrates

Active site vs. Substrates

  • Active site-specifically shaped part of an enzyme where the substrate binds
  • Substrate- substance that the enzyme works on
  • Catalyst-speeds up the reaction
  • Product-end result

Environmental Effects on Enzymes

  • Temperature or pH changes enzyme shape
  • Enzyme denatures - can no longer function properly

Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

  • Dehydration - water is removed to build molecules
  • Hydrolysis- water is added to break down molecules

Cell Theory & Major Organelles

  • Cell theory: all living things consist of one or more cells and come from preexisting cells
  • Cell Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves; selective permeability
  • Cytoplasm: provides shape and support
  • Nucleus: coordinates cell activity; contains DNA
  • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
  • Mitochondria: cellular respiration, produces ATP
  • Vacuoles: storage of water, nutrients, etc. (animals usually don't have this but Plants do)
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER): transports proteins/lipids/carbohydrates
  • Golgi apparatus: packages and ships proteins, carbs lipids
  • Lysosomes: break down harmful substances

Plant vs Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have cell walls that provide structure, but animal cells do not

Cell Transport

  • Diffusion- high to low concentration, passive transport, no energy required
  • Passive transport- high to low; no energy
  • Active transport- low to high; energy required
  • Osmosis- movement of water from high to low concentration, passive transport -Hypotonic-water inside versus outside -Hypertonic-water outside versus inside -Isotonic-equal water inside and outside

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

  • Phagocytosis-large particle engulfment
  • Pinocytosis- taking in large dissolved particles
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis- take in molecules that have a specific receptor

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Dynamic equilibrium - balanced, stable, but always changing
  • Positive feedback - amplifies stimulus until a goal is reached
  • Negative feedback - counteracts/opposes stimulus to return to normal state
  • Homeostasis- maintaining stable internal condition

Cellular Respiration

  • Mitochondria uses oxygen and glucose to produce water, ATP, and carbon dioxide
  • Location-mitochondria
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic doesn't
  • Lactic acid buildup in anaerobic respiration

Photosynthesis

  • Autotrophs make their own food using photosynthesis
  • Converts light energy to chemical (glucose)
  • Location-chloroplasts where chlorophyll absorbs red/blue light and reflects green Light independent and light dependent reactions.

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This quiz covers essential topics in lab safety, the scientific method, and experimental design. It includes key concepts such as hypothesis formation, understanding variables, and the importance of control groups. Additionally, it discusses measurement types and the creation of line graphs to analyze data.

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