Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a fundamental niche represent?
What does a fundamental niche represent?
- The area occupied by a species in the presence of other competitors.
- The range of conditions under which a species currently survives.
- The total environmental conditions that could potentially support a species. (correct)
- The specific habitat that a species has adapted to over time.
Which of the following best defines the realized niche?
Which of the following best defines the realized niche?
- The limits set by environmental factors alone, without competition.
- The specific environment a species occupies due to competition. (correct)
- The full range of environmental conditions a species could exploit.
- The range of habitats that a species has colonized.
What is a potential outcome of competitive exclusion?
What is a potential outcome of competitive exclusion?
- One species will always thrive regardless of competition.
- Two species will always share resources equally.
- Both species will experience increased population sizes.
- One species may become extinct or reduce its range. (correct)
In a scenario where two species have an overlapping distribution, what might result from competition according to the principle of competitive exclusion?
In a scenario where two species have an overlapping distribution, what might result from competition according to the principle of competitive exclusion?
How can niche breadth and niche overlap values be interpreted?
How can niche breadth and niche overlap values be interpreted?
What distinguishes a hypothesis from a prediction?
What distinguishes a hypothesis from a prediction?
In the context of resource partitioning, what is a likely benefit for species that alter their resource use?
In the context of resource partitioning, what is a likely benefit for species that alter their resource use?
Which statement about the relationship between fundamental and realized niches is true?
Which statement about the relationship between fundamental and realized niches is true?
What is the primary purpose of the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test?
What is the primary purpose of the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test?
In the Chi-Square formula, what does $O_i$ represent?
In the Chi-Square formula, what does $O_i$ represent?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a scientific hypothesis?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a scientific hypothesis?
What does the term 'mechanism' refer to in the context of a scientific hypothesis?
What does the term 'mechanism' refer to in the context of a scientific hypothesis?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between hypotheses and predictions?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between hypotheses and predictions?
Flashcards
Fundamental niche
Fundamental niche
The complete range of conditions where a species could survive without competition from other species.
Realized niche
Realized niche
The actual area a species occupies due to competition with other species.
Competitive exclusion
Competitive exclusion
One species outcompetes another, forcing it out of the shared area.
Niche breadth
Niche breadth
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Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test
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Niche overlap
Niche overlap
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Hypothesis (in science)
Hypothesis (in science)
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Prediction (in science)
Prediction (in science)
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Hypothesis Directionality
Hypothesis Directionality
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Hypothesis Mechanism
Hypothesis Mechanism
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Competitive exclusion outcome
Competitive exclusion outcome
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Prediction
Prediction
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Study Notes
Lab 1: Niche and Competition Game
- Overview: Participants simulate resource partitioning and competition's effect on realized niches.
- Objectives: Participants will be able to:
- Perform a competition simulation
- Define fundamental and realized niches
- Explain competition's outcomes
- Formulate hypotheses about competition
- Differentiate hypotheses and predictions
- Interpret niche breadth and overlap
- Predict species interactions based on resource limitation
- Connections to Lecture: The lab relates to:
- Niche definition
- Fundamental vs. realized niches
- Competition outcomes
- Fundamental Niche: The full range of conditions where a species could survive, assuming no interactions with other species. This includes all tolerable environmental factors (water, temperature, etc.).
- Realized Niche: The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies. Interactions with other species restrict this portion.
- Pre-Lab Quizzes: Pre-lab quizzes are due before each lab. Check eClass for details.
- Critical Resources: Food, space, and sunlight are vital for species survival.
- Competitive Exclusion: When two species compete for a resource, one might displace the other, leading to its extinction or range shift.
- Outcomes of Competitive Exclusion:
- One species entirely replaces the other
- One species is eliminated from part of its range
- Both species coexist, but the more competitive one uses a different resource.
Chi-Square (χ²) Goodness of Fit Test
- Use: The Chi-Square Test is used to determine if observed data matches expected data.
- Formula: χ² = Σ [(Oᵢ - Eᵢ)² / Eᵢ], where Oᵢ is observed and Eᵢ is expected.
- Degrees of Freedom: (Number of categories - 1)
- p-value: Probability that the observed differences are due to chance. A p-value of less than 0.05 typically suggests statistically significant differences.
- Excel Formulas: Use Excel's
CHISQ.TESTfunction for p-value andCHISQ.INV.RTfor the chi-square test statistic. - Data Reporting: (χ² Test statistic, Degrees of Freedom, p-value).
Hypotheses and Predictions
- Hypothesis: A testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.
- Directional: Hypotheses indicate the direction of a relationship (e.g., higher, lower, more, less).
- Mechanistic: Hypotheses include a biological reason for the relationship.
- Predictions: Specific outcomes expected if the hypothesis is correct. They are more measurable than hypotheses.
- Example Hypothesis: "Global warming extends the range of deciduous species by creating more habitats with moderate temperatures."
- Examples of Predictions (based on the example hypothesis):
- Range limits of a species are further north than historical records
- Germination rates for seeds depend on average annual temperature.
- Notice: Predictions should specify measurable values to reflect the study.
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