Ecology Week 10, Lecture 17
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes intraspecific competition from interspecific competition?

  • Interspecific competition is less intense than intraspecific competition.
  • Intraspecific competition occurs between different species.
  • Intraspecific competition takes place within the same species. (correct)
  • Interspecific competition is always about the same resources.
  • Which type of competition involves direct interaction such as physical aggression?

  • Interference competition (correct)
  • Exploitative competition
  • Resource partitioning
  • Niche overlap
  • What is the primary characteristic of exploitative competition?

  • It occurs when species share the same habitat.
  • It leads to the elimination of one species.
  • It involves the depletion of shared resources. (correct)
  • It involves direct physical confrontations.
  • Resource partitioning can be primarily understood as?

    <p>The division of resources among different species to reduce competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The competitive exclusion principle states that?

    <p>If two species compete for the same resources, one will be excluded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of interference competition?

    <p>Birds fighting for nesting sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies exploitative competition among species?

    <p>Different herbivores consuming the same plant resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is likely to promote resource partitioning?

    <p>Diverse habitats allowing for specialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of the competitive exclusion principle?

    <p>One species will eventually outcompete the other for a limited resource.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is resource partitioning?

    <p>When competing species use different resources to minimize competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does character displacement help explain in ecological communities?

    <p>The ways in which species evolve differences to reduce competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of interference competition?

    <p>Ants competing for access to a single food source by fighting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does interspecific pollen transfer primarily involve?

    <p>Pollen from one species affecting the reproduction of another species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different niches facilitate species coexistence?

    <p>They enable species to exploit different resources without direct competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a limiting resource in the context of competition?

    <p>Access to sunlight for plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does resource partitioning relate to competitive mechanisms in plant populations?

    <p>It promotes divergence in traits to minimize competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the competitive exclusion principle in the context of pollination?

    <p>One species can outcompete another and monopolize essential resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gause's competition experiments demonstrate about species competing for resources?

    <p>Over time, one species will typically decline or die out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions best illustrates exploitative competition?

    <p>One plant species using up soil nutrients before another can access them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes can lead to resource partitioning in a community?

    <p>Species sorting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts relates to trait overdispersion in communities due to competition?

    <p>Species develop distinct traits to minimize resource overlap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pollen transfer experiments, what does a significant p-value indicate?

    <p>There is a strong relationship with no chance of randomness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome if divergence in exsertion length occurs among species?

    <p>Reduced pollen transfer between competing species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for individuals competing for resources in a community?

    <p>Intraspecific competition within a single species unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ecology - Week 10, Lecture 17

    • Competition is the use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces that resource for others.
    • There are two main types of competition: interference and exploitative.
    • Interference competition involves direct interaction, such as physical aggression or territorial fights.
    • Exploitative competition means depleting shared resources, such as bats, hummingbirds, and nectar.

    Ecological Niche

    • A realized niche is the range of abiotic and biotic conditions a species can tolerate and the ways of life it pursues.
    • A realized niche is often conceived as a multidimensional space.
    • A realized niche can be subdivided into components, like feeding niche or roosting niche.
    • Niche axes can include variables such as water depth, prey size, salinity, predator density, nesting sites, hiding sites, activity patterns (diurnal?), and temperature.

    Adaptive Radiation

    • Adaptive radiation is the recent, rapid diversification of a clade in response to the opening of new niche space.
    • Examples include African cichlids and Darwin's finches.
    • Specific examples of African cichlids and their diets are provided, such as Genyochromis mento (eats fish scales and fins), Caprichromis orthognathus (eats baby fish and eggs), Trematocranus placodon (eats mollusks) and others.
    • Specific examples of Darwin's finches and their dietary adaptations are provided, such as the small ground finch which crushes seeds.

    Darwin's Finches

    • Darwin's finches, located in the Galapagos Islands, exhibit beak variations correlated to specific diet types.
    • Finch beaks are categorized as crushing, probing, sharp, and grasping.
    • Different finch species have different beak shapes and thus different dietary specializations.

    Hawaiian Honeycreepers

    • Hawaiian honeycreepers are an example of adaptive radiation.
    • Diversification occurred in response to the opening of new habitats and food resources.

    Species Diversity in Streams

    • Species diversity increases as the stream size increases.
    • The species diversity increases due to increased habitat and food diversity.
    • Several examples are provided, such as Xiphophorus variatus, Poecilia mexicana, Gambusia regani, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum, etc.

    Competition and Resource Use

    • Resource partitioning is when co-occurring species use different resources.
    • Examples include fish size eaten by co-occurring seabirds or foraging heights of warblers.
    • Processes that could cause resource partitioning include Species Sorting (process that determines community composition based on species ability to invade, given biotic and abiotic conditions) and Character Displacement (process by which co-occurring species evolve differences to reduce competition)

    Competitive Exclusion Principle

    • Two species cannot live together indefinitely on the same limiting resource.
    • Limiting resource means factors that increase population size when increased.
    • Complete competitors cannot coexist.

    Resources

    • Resources are substances or factors required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
    • Resources can be depleted.
    • Decreased resources lead to decreased population size.
    • Plants' resources include nutrients, sunlight, pollinators/seed dispersors, and water.
    • Animal resources include food, roosting spaces, nesting sites, water, and mineral licks.
    • Variables such as temperature, water salinity, water depth, or activity patterns aren't considered as resources.

    Character Displacement

    • Character displacement is the process where co-occurring species evolve differences to reduce competition.

    • Examples mentioned include beak depth differences in Galapagos finches.

    • Different beaks of finches are adapted to feed on different types of seeds.

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    Description

    This quiz covers competition in ecology, specifically the two main types: interference and exploitative competition. Additionally, it addresses ecological niches and adaptive radiation, exploring how species adapt to their environments. Test your understanding of these fundamental ecological concepts.

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