L1: Literature and Story Elements

L1: Literature and Story Elements

• Slay: To murder
• Tavern: A place for drinking alcohol
• Apothecary: Pharmacist
• Reveler: Someone who enjoys rowdy drinking and partying
• Florin: An old European coin
• Geoffrey Chaucer: A major English poet known for The Canterbury Tales
• Metrical Tale: A long narrative poem about everyday lives, showing realism
• Setting: Time and place of a story
• Protagonist: Main character facing the main conflict
• Antagonist: Character opposing the protagonist
• Plot: Sequence of events: beginning, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution
• Point of View: Narrator's perspective (first, second, third limited, or third omniscient)
• Literary Devices: Flashback, foreshadowing, motifs, symbolism, figures of speech, imagery
• Tone: Author's attitude toward the subject
• Mood: Feeling evoked in the reader
• Structure: Metrical tales follow poetic structure and specific meter (often iambic pentameter)
• Theme: Core message or lesson of the story (e.g., The Pardoner's Tale on greed)

L2: Types of Adverbs

• Adverb of Manner: Describes how an action occurs
• Adverb of Place: Describes where an action occurs
• Adverb of Time: Describes when an action occurs
• Adverb of Frequency: Describes how often an action occurs
• Adverb of Degree: Describes the extent or degree of an action
• Adverb of Affirmation: Confirms something is true
• Adverb of Negation: Confirms something is not true

L3: Parallelism in Sentence Structure

• Parallelism: Using the same grammatical structure for words, phrases, or clauses to enhance clarity and readability
• Lists: Use parallel structure for items in a list
• Coordinating Conjunctions (and, or, but): Use the same structure for items joined by these conjunctions
• Correlative Conjunctions (either...or, both...and): Keep both sides of the conjunction in the same form
• Comparisons (than or as): Maintain a similar structure on both sides of the comparison
• Paired Ideas: Use parallel structure for paired concepts

L4: Figures of Speech

• Simile: Direct comparison using "like" or "as"
• Metaphor: Implied comparison
• Hyperbole: Exaggeration
• Apostrophe: Addressing absent or abstract entities as if present
• Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds
• Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate sounds (e.g., hiss, buzz)

L5: Subject-Verb Agreement Rules

• Subject-Verb Agreement: Verb agrees with the subject, not the of-phrase
• Singular/Plural Verbs: Singular subjects with certain conjunctions (or, either/or, neither/nor) require singular verbs. Verb matches the closest subject in a sentence with "or", "either/or", or "neither/nor". Subjects linked by "and" usually require plural verbs. Exception when treated as a single unit
• Inverted Sentences: Inverted sentences (starting with "there" or "here") place the subject after the verb
• Abstract Nouns: Abstract nouns take singular verbs
• Collective Nouns: Collective nouns (e.g., audience, jury) can be singular or plural, depending on the context.
• Subjunctive Mood: Subjunctive mood sentences (e.g., wishes, hypothetical) often use "were"

L6: Conditional Sentences

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple, present simple (for universal truths)
• First Conditional: If + present simple, will + base verb (real possibility)
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + base verb (unlikely or hypothetical)
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle (past hypothetical situations)