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Questions and Answers
What is optimism?
A sense of hopefulness and confidence about the future.
Define reliability.
Being consistently dependable to follow through on commitments, actions, and decisions.
What is conscientiousness?
The desire to do things well or to the best of one's ability.
Explain self-discipline.
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What is a major task in childhood and adolescence according to Lawrence Kohlberg?
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Describe the pre-conventional level of moral development.
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What is the focus of behavior in Stage 1 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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In which stage of moral development does the individual focus on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs?
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At which level of moral development does conformity to social rules remain important, but the emphasis shifts to relationships with others?
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What is the focus of behavior in Stage 3 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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At which stage of moral development does the individual take societal laws into consideration and believes in maintaining social order?
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What is the main focus of behavior in the Pre-conventional level of moral development?
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In which level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development does the individual view laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes?
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According to Kohlberg, in which stage of moral development is the appropriate action determined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience?
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At which level does the individual define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies?
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Who was the research assistant of Kohlberg who developed her own ideas of moral development, disagreeing with Kohlberg's views on gender differences in moral development?
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At which level of moral development does the individual focus on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards?
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In Kohlberg's theory, which stage involves individuals considering individual rights and viewing laws and rules as flexible tools?
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Study Notes
Personal Values
- Optimism is a sense of hopefulness and confidence about the future
- Reliability is the ability to be consistently depended upon to follow through on commitments, actions, and decisions
- Conscientiousness is the desire to do things well or to the best of one's ability
- Self-discipline is the ability to overcome desires or feelings in order to follow the best course of action or to rise to commitments or principles
Stages of Moral Development
- Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on Jean Piaget's theory of moral judgment
- Moral development follows a series of stages
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development are cognitive in nature and focus on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behavior is right or wrong
Level 1: Pre-conventional Level
- Morality is externally controlled at this level
- Rules are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards
- Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation - behavior is determined by consequences
- Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation - behavior is determined by consequences and personal needs
Level 2: Conventional Level
- Conformity to social rules remains important at this level
- Emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social systems
- Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation - behavior is determined by social approval
- Stage 4: Law and order orientation - social rules and laws determine behavior
Level 3: Post-conventional or Principled Level
- Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
- Stage 5: Social contract orientation - individual rights determine behavior
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation - behavior is determined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience
Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory
- Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory was biased towards males and did not account for differences in moral development between males and females
- Kohlberg's theory was criticized for being too rigid and not allowing for flexibility and exceptions in moral decision making
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Description
Explore the different stages of moral development as proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg. Learn about the concepts of punishment/obedience orientation and instrumental purpose orientation within the framework of moral reasoning.
