Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following cannot be used to visualize microbes
Which of the following cannot be used to visualize microbes
- Compound microscope
- CT scan (correct)
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does blood agar fall under?
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does blood agar fall under?
- Bacteria stain
- Culture (select media)
- Antibiotic susceptibility
- Culture (non-select media) (correct)
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does gram or acid fast staining fall under?
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does gram or acid fast staining fall under?
- Bacteria Stain (correct)
- Patient Sample
- Nucleic acid tests
- Culture (select-media)
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does MSA fall under?
Which of the following lab diagnostic bacteriologic methods does MSA fall under?
Which common lab test can differentiate between Streptococcus and Staphylococcus?
Which common lab test can differentiate between Streptococcus and Staphylococcus?
Which common lab test differentiates Staph aureus from non-aureus staph?
Which common lab test differentiates Staph aureus from non-aureus staph?
Which common lab test is used to assess the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain?
Which common lab test is used to assess the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain?
Which common lab test is used to test for usually gram-negative microbes that can survive the biliary system?
Which common lab test is used to test for usually gram-negative microbes that can survive the biliary system?
Which common lab test detects a chemical that is toxic to some bacteria and is useful in identifying Strep. pneumoniae?
Which common lab test detects a chemical that is toxic to some bacteria and is useful in identifying Strep. pneumoniae?
What common lab test includes automated molecular tests such as PCR and can detect the genetic material of a pathogen?
What common lab test includes automated molecular tests such as PCR and can detect the genetic material of a pathogen?
Which of the following lab diagnostic immunologic methods is described by the following criteria:
- Can antigens clump RBCs
- Serum contains pathogen: influenza (hemagglutinin binds RBCs)
- Mix serum with RBCs (first add anti-HA antibodies)?
Which of the following lab diagnostic immunologic methods is described by the following criteria:
- Can antigens clump RBCs
- Serum contains pathogen: influenza (hemagglutinin binds RBCs)
- Mix serum with RBCs (first add anti-HA antibodies)?
Which of the following lab diagnostic immunological methods includes the following:
- Serum with antibodies
- Mix pathogen or antigen
- Color readout?
Which of the following lab diagnostic immunological methods includes the following:
- Serum with antibodies
- Mix pathogen or antigen
- Color readout?
Which PCR method has the following characteristic: amplification and quantitation are combined in one reaction?
Which PCR method has the following characteristic: amplification and quantitation are combined in one reaction?
Which PCR method has the following description: RNA is the nucleic acid starting template. Used for RNA viruses or mRNA levels?
Which PCR method has the following description: RNA is the nucleic acid starting template. Used for RNA viruses or mRNA levels?
What are self-replicating plasmids (replicons)?
What are self-replicating plasmids (replicons)?
Which bacteria does not have a circular plasmid and is the causative agent for Lyme disease?
Which bacteria does not have a circular plasmid and is the causative agent for Lyme disease?
Which bacteria has an episome and integrates into the genome?
Which bacteria has an episome and integrates into the genome?
What is the plasmid copy number?
What is the plasmid copy number?
What are bacteriophages?
What are bacteriophages?
Which bacteriophage outcome is described as replication to high numbers that lyses cells?
Which bacteriophage outcome is described as replication to high numbers that lyses cells?
Which bacteriophage outcome is described as the integration into the host genome without killing the host bacteria?
Which bacteriophage outcome is described as the integration into the host genome without killing the host bacteria?
What is an example of a lysogenic bacteriophage that contains toxin genes?
What is an example of a lysogenic bacteriophage that contains toxin genes?
What are jumping genes responsible for in gene exchange?
What are jumping genes responsible for in gene exchange?
Which of the following contains these characteristics:
-Move within the genome, between plasmids, between plasmid and genomes
-Can carry antibiotic resistant genes
-Can insert and inactivate genes
-Surround pathogenic islands that contain virulence factors?
Which of the following contains these characteristics:
-Move within the genome, between plasmids, between plasmid and genomes -Can carry antibiotic resistant genes -Can insert and inactivate genes -Surround pathogenic islands that contain virulence factors?
Match each item to its definition
Match each item to its definition
Which DNA transfer method is competent because bacteria naturally take up exogenous DNA?
Which DNA transfer method is competent because bacteria naturally take up exogenous DNA?
Which DNA transfer method involves bacteria that carry a sex pilus that can transfer plasmids from the donor (male) to recipient (female)?
Which DNA transfer method involves bacteria that carry a sex pilus that can transfer plasmids from the donor (male) to recipient (female)?
Which bacteria has F plasmids that contain all the elements necessary to transfer the F plasmid, including the ability to make sex pili?
Which bacteria has F plasmids that contain all the elements necessary to transfer the F plasmid, including the ability to make sex pili?
Which DNA transfer method is mediated by bacteriophages and is:
- specialized if the phage transfers particular genes adjacent to the integration sites
- generalized if incorporation of DNA is random due to accidental packaging of host DNA into the phage?
Which DNA transfer method is mediated by bacteriophages and is:
- specialized if the phage transfers particular genes adjacent to the integration sites
- generalized if incorporation of DNA is random due to accidental packaging of host DNA into the phage?
What does MRSA stand for?
What does MRSA stand for?
What does MVRSA stand for?
What does MVRSA stand for?
What is CRISPR Cas-9?
What is CRISPR Cas-9?
What motif is essential to CRISPR-Cas systems?
What motif is essential to CRISPR-Cas systems?
Which CRISPR-Cas motif is essential to ensure only foreign viral nucleic acids are cleaved?
Which CRISPR-Cas motif is essential to ensure only foreign viral nucleic acids are cleaved?
What is required in a patient for a pathogen to persist, cause disease, and escape or defeat host defenses?
What is required in a patient for a pathogen to persist, cause disease, and escape or defeat host defenses?
What type of bacteria produces enterotoxin or toxins that are able to cross the mucosa? Their natural habitats are the environment, and some secrete toxin into food.
What type of bacteria produces enterotoxin or toxins that are able to cross the mucosa? Their natural habitats are the environment, and some secrete toxin into food.
What type of bacteria can enter and survive in parts of the body where bacteria are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, soft tissues, and meninges?
What type of bacteria can enter and survive in parts of the body where bacteria are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, soft tissues, and meninges?
What is an example of a bacteria that can cause intracellular infection?
What is an example of a bacteria that can cause intracellular infection?
What is an example of a bacteria that causes extracellular infection?
What is an example of a bacteria that causes extracellular infection?
Which bacterium is described by the following characteristics: - Facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming - Gram positive rods, uniformly shaped - Motile at room temperature but less so at body temperature - Grows at a broad temperature range of 1-45 degrees C - Weakly beta hemolytic - Can cause meningitis similar to Strep. Pneumonia?
Which bacterium is described by the following characteristics: - Facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming - Gram positive rods, uniformly shaped - Motile at room temperature but less so at body temperature - Grows at a broad temperature range of 1-45 degrees C - Weakly beta hemolytic - Can cause meningitis similar to Strep. Pneumonia?
Which bacteria causes a disease that is uncommon and usually affects susceptible populations: neonates, elderly, pregnant women, and patients with compromised cellular immunity? It rearranges the cytoskeleton to propel from cell to cell.
Which bacteria causes a disease that is uncommon and usually affects susceptible populations: neonates, elderly, pregnant women, and patients with compromised cellular immunity? It rearranges the cytoskeleton to propel from cell to cell.
Which of the following is not a bacterium that can rearrange the cell cytoskeleton?
Which of the following is not a bacterium that can rearrange the cell cytoskeleton?
Match each stage of bacterial pathogenesis to its definition
Match each stage of bacterial pathogenesis to its definition
What type of toxin is described by the following characteristics?
- generated and released
- B part binds to a target receptor
- Toxin is taken in through endocytosis
- A part carries out the activity of the toxin once inside the cell
What type of toxin is described by the following characteristics?
- generated and released
- B part binds to a target receptor
- Toxin is taken in through endocytosis
- A part carries out the activity of the toxin once inside the cell
Match each toxin to its corresponding organism
Match each toxin to its corresponding organism
Match each toxin to its biological effects
Match each toxin to its biological effects
Match each exotoxin to its corresponding organsim
Match each exotoxin to its corresponding organsim
Match each exotoxin to its biological effect
Match each exotoxin to its biological effect
Match each exotoxin to its organism
Match each exotoxin to its organism
Which toxin can inhibit protein synthesis, leading to death?
Which toxin can inhibit protein synthesis, leading to death?
Match each item to its corresponding definition
Match each item to its corresponding definition
Match each host type/ microbe interaction to its definition
Match each host type/ microbe interaction to its definition
Which host interaction involves both species benefiting?
Which host interaction involves both species benefiting?
Where could a symbiotic host/microbe interaction be found?
Where could a symbiotic host/microbe interaction be found?
Where would commensalism be found in the human body?
Where would commensalism be found in the human body?
Where could mutualism in the human body be found?
Where could mutualism in the human body be found?
What is a bacterium that is known to exhibit colonization?
What is a bacterium that is known to exhibit colonization?
What microbe can cause a single well-defined disease?
What microbe can cause a single well-defined disease?
What is an example of a microbe that can cause exogenous infections?
What is an example of a microbe that can cause exogenous infections?
What is a microbe that produces multiple manifestations of diseases such as endocarditis, pneumonia, wound infections, and food poisoning?
What is a microbe that produces multiple manifestations of diseases such as endocarditis, pneumonia, wound infections, and food poisoning?
What disease can be caused by several organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that can cause the same disease?
What disease can be caused by several organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that can cause the same disease?
What are the three categories necessary for portals of entry for infection?
What are the three categories necessary for portals of entry for infection?
Which portal of entry is also a portal of exit for microbes?
Which portal of entry is also a portal of exit for microbes?
In which portal of entry can gram negative and capsid viruses pass through, but gram positive and enveloped viruses are typically neutralized by the acidic environment?
In which portal of entry can gram negative and capsid viruses pass through, but gram positive and enveloped viruses are typically neutralized by the acidic environment?
What is an example of a bacteria that can be found in the upper digestive tract?
What is an example of a bacteria that can be found in the upper digestive tract?
What is an example of a bacterium that can be found in the lower digestive tract?
What is an example of a bacterium that can be found in the lower digestive tract?
Which portal of entry for microbes causes more infections in women than in men?
Which portal of entry for microbes causes more infections in women than in men?
Which protease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae contain that cleaves hinge regions of IgA?
Which protease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae contain that cleaves hinge regions of IgA?
Which portal of entry is impenetrable to most microbes?
Which portal of entry is impenetrable to most microbes?
In which portal of entry is infection due to breaks in skin, injection, or insect bites?
In which portal of entry is infection due to breaks in skin, injection, or insect bites?
Which virulence factors can encourage bacterial establishment? (Select all that apply)
Which virulence factors can encourage bacterial establishment? (Select all that apply)
What does LD50 stand for?
What does LD50 stand for?
What does ID50 stand for?
What does ID50 stand for?
Organisms with the lowest LD50 and ID50 are least virulent
Organisms with the lowest LD50 and ID50 are least virulent
What is a passive strategy that microbes utilize to avoid, evade, and compromise host defenses?
What is a passive strategy that microbes utilize to avoid, evade, and compromise host defenses?
Which bacteria contains pneumolysin and IgA protease?
Which bacteria contains pneumolysin and IgA protease?
Which bacteria is a facultative anaerobe that is non-motile?
Which bacteria is a facultative anaerobe that is non-motile?
What bacteria can cause wound and soft tissue infections and UTIs with risk factors such as age, alcohol abuse, or diabetes mellitus?
What bacteria can cause wound and soft tissue infections and UTIs with risk factors such as age, alcohol abuse, or diabetes mellitus?
Which bacteria incorporates M proteins into the cell wall?
Which bacteria incorporates M proteins into the cell wall?
Which bacteria has a mycolic cell wall and can live within phagocytes?
Which bacteria has a mycolic cell wall and can live within phagocytes?
What type of bacteria can reptiles and amphibians carry?
What type of bacteria can reptiles and amphibians carry?
What disease can prairie dogs transmit to humans?
What disease can prairie dogs transmit to humans?
What virus can pet bats transmit?
What virus can pet bats transmit?
What can hedgehogs and chinchillas transmit to humans?
What can hedgehogs and chinchillas transmit to humans?
What does the 'O' in O157:H7 stand for?
What does the 'O' in O157:H7 stand for?
What does the H in O157:H7 stand for?
What does the H in O157:H7 stand for?
Which bacteria can be transmitted to humans from cat scratches?
Which bacteria can be transmitted to humans from cat scratches?
Study Notes
Koch's Postulates
- Koch's postulates define a series of criteria for establishing a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.
- Common postulates include isolating the pathogen from a diseased host and inoculating a healthy host to reproduce the disease.
Visualization of Microbes
- Techniques such as light microscopy and electron microscopy are commonly used to visualize microorganisms.
- Certain microbes cannot be directly visualized due to extremophilic nature or if they are unculturable.
Diagnostic Bacteriologic Methods
- Blood agar is categorized under enrichment and differential media.
- Gram staining and acid-fast staining are crucial methods for classifying bacteria based on cell wall composition.
- Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) serves as both a selective and differential medium primarily for isolating Staphylococci.
Differentiating Bacteria
- Catalase test differentiates between Streptococcus (catalase-negative) and Staphylococcus (catalase-positive).
- Coagulase test is used to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive) from other Staphylococcus species.
Common Lab Tests
- The oxidase test assesses cytochrome c oxidase activity in bacteria.
- Bile esculin test identifies gram-negative bacteria that can survive the biliary system.
- Quellung reaction detects the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae through serological methods.
- Automated molecular tests, including PCR, detect genetic material from pathogens.
Immunologic Methods
- Hemagglutination test involves clumping of red blood cells by specific antibodies in the presence of pathogens.
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses serum containing antibodies, detecting color changes indicating the presence of specific antigens.
PCR Methods
- Quantitative PCR (qPCR) combines amplification and quantification in one reaction.
- Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) uses RNA as a template, primarily applied for RNA viruses.
Plasmids and Gene Exchange
- Self-replicating plasmids (replicons) can replicate independently within bacteria.
- Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, lacks a circular plasmid.
- Episomes can integrate into bacterial genomes, exemplified by certain types of plasmids.
Plasmid Copy Number
- Refers to how many copies of a plasmid exist within a single bacterial cell.
Bacteriophages
- Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; they can have lytic or lysogenic cycles.
- Lytic outcome leads to high replication and cell lysis.
- Lysogenic outcome integrates phage DNA into the bacterial genome without immediate cell death.
Gene Transfer Methods
- Transformation involves competent bacteria naturally taking up exogenous DNA.
- Conjugation uses sex pili for plasmid transfer from donor to recipient bacteria.
- Hfr strains contain F plasmids enabling integration and transfer of chromosomal DNA via conjugation.
Hospital-Acquired Resistance
- MRSA stands for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
- MVRSA stands for Methicillin-Resistant Vancomycin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.
CRISPR Technology
- CRISPR Cas-9 is a genome-editing tool allowing specific DNA modifications.
- The essential motif in CRISPR-Cas systems distinguishes foreign nucleic acids from host DNA.
Pathogen Survival and Infections
- Pathogens require specific conditions to persist, escape host defenses, and cause disease.
- Certain bacteria produce enterotoxins that cross the mucosa, often from environmental sources.
- Intracellular bacteria can survive in atypical environments, causing systemic infections.
Disease Manifestations
- Some bacteria exhibit polymicrobial infections, while others cause defined diseases.
- Diseases can result from various organisms, complicating diagnosis and treatment.
Portals of Entry for Infection
- Three primary portals of entry include mucosal surfaces, skin breaks, and natural openings.
- The gastrointestinal tract is significant for nutrient absorption and serves as a portal for infections.
Host-Microbe Interactions
- Symbiotic interactions benefit both host and microbes.
- Mutualism and commensalism occur in various human body sites, influencing health.
Virulence Factors
- LD50 refers to the lethal dose that kills 50% of test subjects; IDs indicate the infectious dose.
- Active evasion strategies help microbes survive host defenses.
Bacteria and Diseases
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces IgA protease, impacting immune response.
- Certain bacteria can be transmitted through animal bites or contaminated food sources, establishing zoonotic disease risk.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Koch's postulates and identify which statement is not a part of the original criteria. This quiz will challenge your understanding of microbiology and disease causation principles.
