Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of microbial identification?
What is the main purpose of microbial identification?
Which method is used for increasing the accuracy of identifying microorganisms based on colony morphology?
Which method is used for increasing the accuracy of identifying microorganisms based on colony morphology?
What is NOT a part of diagnostic microbiology?
What is NOT a part of diagnostic microbiology?
Which technique is commonly used for microbial identification?
Which technique is commonly used for microbial identification?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of media is used for selective growth of specific microbes?
What type of media is used for selective growth of specific microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of identifying microbial contaminants?
What is the primary purpose of identifying microbial contaminants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of agar is selective for certain fungi, with low pH and high glucose?
Which type of agar is selective for certain fungi, with low pH and high glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of Mannitol Salt Agar?
What is the main purpose of Mannitol Salt Agar?
Signup and view all the answers
Which microscopy technique involves staining and can identify pure bacterial cultures using Gram staining?
Which microscopy technique involves staining and can identify pure bacterial cultures using Gram staining?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of API strips in biochemical profiling?
What is the main purpose of API strips in biochemical profiling?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is increasingly used for identification due to its speed and cost, and is based on ionized molecules?
Which method is increasingly used for identification due to its speed and cost, and is based on ionized molecules?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the ideal qualities of a diagnostic method as mentioned in the text?
What are the ideal qualities of a diagnostic method as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an example of a waterborne disease?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a waterborne disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the relative degree of damage done by a pathogen?
What is the term for the relative degree of damage done by a pathogen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an obligate pathogen?
Which of the following is an example of an obligate pathogen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for an intracellular pathogen's ability to obtain nutrition from the host?
What is the term for an intracellular pathogen's ability to obtain nutrition from the host?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to an infection present in a population which is maintained constantly with no external input?
Which term refers to an infection present in a population which is maintained constantly with no external input?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of highly infectious diseases such as HIV and smallpox?
What is the main source of highly infectious diseases such as HIV and smallpox?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to a microorganism that normally resides on the body without causing disease but can cause disease when the microbial balance is upset?
Which term refers to a microorganism that normally resides on the body without causing disease but can cause disease when the microbial balance is upset?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a major source of zoonotic infectious diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a major source of zoonotic infectious diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the combination of two or more different strains of a virus producing a new form of virus?
What is the term for the combination of two or more different strains of a virus producing a new form of virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which occupation does NOT traditionally come in close contact with animals or animal products?
Which occupation does NOT traditionally come in close contact with animals or animal products?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main risk factor for exposure to zoonotic infectious diseases?
What is the main risk factor for exposure to zoonotic infectious diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for accumulation of mutations within antibody binding regions that reduces the effectiveness of the immune system?
What is the term for accumulation of mutations within antibody binding regions that reduces the effectiveness of the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the groups of microorganisms that stick to each other and surfaces, playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of many infections?
What is the term for the groups of microorganisms that stick to each other and surfaces, playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of many infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can lead to septic shock and is part of the bacterial cell membrane?
Which of the following can lead to septic shock and is part of the bacterial cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the ability of pathogens to resist host responses and obtain appropriate nutrients?
What is the term for the ability of pathogens to resist host responses and obtain appropriate nutrients?
Signup and view all the answers
What can initially cause fever and shock due to the release of endotoxins?
What can initially cause fever and shock due to the release of endotoxins?
Signup and view all the answers
Who can cause red blood cell lysis and can be proteins or lipid biosurfactants?
Who can cause red blood cell lysis and can be proteins or lipid biosurfactants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bacteria are classified based on their staining properties and can affect their response to antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria are classified based on their staining properties and can affect their response to antibiotics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of disease transmission involves transmission through other organisms?
Which route of disease transmission involves transmission through other organisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the ability of bacteria to attach to host cells using pili or adhesins and resist phagocytosis with capsules?
What is the term for the ability of bacteria to attach to host cells using pili or adhesins and resist phagocytosis with capsules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process that can lead to haemolytic anemia and is caused by bacteria's hemolytic activity?
What is the term for the process that can lead to haemolytic anemia and is caused by bacteria's hemolytic activity?
Signup and view all the answers
What depends on multiple factors including microbe count, environmental persistence, and route of transmission?
What depends on multiple factors including microbe count, environmental persistence, and route of transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
'Vehicle borne' disease transmission occurs through which medium?
'Vehicle borne' disease transmission occurs through which medium?
Signup and view all the answers
The role of biofilms in infections can increase a patient's average hospital stay and resistance to treatment by what percentage?
The role of biofilms in infections can increase a patient's average hospital stay and resistance to treatment by what percentage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following hormones is a potent vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles, thus reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following hormones is a potent vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles, thus reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone causes the glomerulus to relax, increasing the surface area for filtration?
What hormone causes the glomerulus to relax, increasing the surface area for filtration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is released in response to low blood flow and affects facultative water reabsorption by increasing the water permeability of principal cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubule and throughout the collecting duct?
Which hormone is released in response to low blood flow and affects facultative water reabsorption by increasing the water permeability of principal cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubule and throughout the collecting duct?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is released by the parathyroid gland and stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb Ca2+ into the blood?
Which hormone is released by the parathyroid gland and stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb Ca2+ into the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain is responsible for triggering the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to low blood flow?
Which part of the brain is responsible for triggering the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to low blood flow?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following ions is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which of the following ions is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fungal disease is caused by Candida albicans and leads to white patches in the mouth or genitals?
Which fungal disease is caused by Candida albicans and leads to white patches in the mouth or genitals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common fungal disease causing irritation, dry and inflamed skin with localised pain?
What is the common fungal disease causing irritation, dry and inflamed skin with localised pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fungal disease is commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and can be invasive in immune-compromised patients?
Which fungal disease is commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and can be invasive in immune-compromised patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral disease can lead to cervical cancer?
Which viral disease can lead to cervical cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus can lead to human breast cancer?
Which virus can lead to human breast cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ is located below the diaphragm and adjacent to the vertebral column, causing the right kidney to be lower?
Which organ is located below the diaphragm and adjacent to the vertebral column, causing the right kidney to be lower?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of kidneys?
What is the function of kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
- Mycoses are fungal diseases that can be persistent, localised or systemic, often caused by inhalation of fungal spores, and common in immunocompromised patients or those who have taken antibiotics
- Athlete's foot is a common fungal disease causing irritation, dry and inflamed skin with localised pain, caused by species of Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum
- Thrush is another fungal disease caused by Candida albicans, leading to white patches in the mouth or genitals
- Aspergillosis is a fungal disease commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and can be invasive in immune-compromised patients
- Viral diseases can cause both communicable and non-communicable diseases, with examples including Herpes, HIV, Influenza, HPV leading to cervical cancer, Human adenovirus leading to obesity, and Mouse mammary tumor virus leading to human breast cancer
- Urinary system consists of paired, bean-shaped organs located along the back body wall below the diaphragm and adjacent to the vertebral column, with the right kidney being lower due to liver occupying more space on the right side
- Each kidney receives around 1/4 of cardiac output and is supplied by the renal arteries, with similar paths for arterial flow in and venous flow out, and the nerve supply being via sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus
- Kidneys perform functions of removing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood, regulating blood volume, chemical composition, and pH, and endocrine functions including gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting, renin regulation of blood pressure and kidney function, and erythropoietin regulation of RBC production
- A nephron is a structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, with each kidney having around 1 million nephrons, and cortical nephrons making up about 80-85% of the total having short loops of Henle and receiving blood supply from peritubular capillaries, and juxtamedullary nephrons making up the remaining 15-20% having long loops of Henle and receiving blood supply from the vasa recta
- Collecting ducts of several nephrons empty into a single collecting duct, which unites and converges into several hundred large papillary ducts that drain into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters
- Renal corpuscle, the initial filtering component of a nephron, consists of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule
- Glomerular filtration is the process by which the kidney filters blood to form filtrate, with about half being returned to the blood and the other half becoming urine
- Filtrate contains around 3L of water, 200g of protein, and small amounts of glucose, urea, and creatinine, with most being reabsorbed back into the blood and the remaining being excreted in the urine.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of Koch's Molecular Postulates with this quiz. Learn how to identify the gene responsible for a disease-causing strain of bacteria and demonstrate its role in virulence.
