120 Questions
A ______ is a connection method used in rope or webbing to tie it to itself.
knot
A ______ is a tie that connects the ends of two ropes or webbing together.
bend
A ______ is a tie that attaches a rope or webbing to another object.
hitch
Rescuers must be able to tie knots, bends, and ______ in all conditions.
hitches
When deciding on a knot, consider the following factors, including the knot's ______ for its intended use.
safety
A ______ is an open turn formed when a rope is doubled back upon itself making a turn but not crossing over itself.
bight
The ______ part of the rope is the inactive section during the process of tying a knot.
standing
The ______ end of rope threads through to complete the knot.
running
A ______ is a turn of rope that crosses itself.
loop
The ______ is the free end of rope that extends from a knot.
tail
The ______ knot is a basic safety knot.
Figure Eight
The ______ knot creates a double loop.
Bowline on the Bight
The ______ hitch is used for securing a rope to a pole or post.
Clove
The ______ hitch is used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations.
Munter
The ______ harness is used when only a rope is available to safely lower or raise a casualty.
Butterfly
The ______ harness is made from webbing and is for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness.
Webbing
The Double ______ is used for tying two ropes of unequal size together.
Sheetbend
The ______ knot is used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope.
Prusik
The ______ hitch is used to secure rope to hooks and rings.
Cat’s Paw
The ______ bend is used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them.
Figure of Eight
For a rapidly applied harness, the webbing and the part behind the ______ causes minimal discomfort.
head
Blanketing a stretcher provides the casualty with warmth for ______ or environmental conditions.
shock
The objectives of blanketing a stretcher include providing comfort to the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause ______ points on the casualty’s body.
pressure
Basket stretcher tie-in procedures ensure the casualty is secured sufficiently to reduce ______ of injuries during transport.
aggravation
One method of basket stretcher tie-in may not work on another due to factors such as basket ______ and length.
width
Rolled blankets can be used to make up spaces to reduce movement between the feet and the stretcher, the casualty’s ______ and stretcher, or at their sides.
head
Items such as oxygen therapy units must be secured in the basket if there is a possibility of them ______ out.
falling
The herringbone tie-in can be accomplished with either ______ or a rope.
webbing
The common length of a dedicated tie-in ______ or rope is at least 60 feet (18 meters).
web
The herringbone tie-in can be easily “unzipped” after undoing the last securing ______.
knots
The seat harness is built using a ______ foot length of webbing.
15
The ______ harness is used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue.
Webbing
To connect the seat and chest harness together, a ______ is used.
carabiner
The ______ bend is used to tie the webbing together in a loop.
ring
The chest harness is built using a ______ foot length of webbing.
12
The ______ must not be side loaded and gate lock must be checked before and after attaching rope rigging systems.
carabiner
To avoid pressure points on the wearer's body, the ______ should be placed carefully.
knot
The full body harness is formed by connecting the ______ and chest harness together.
seat
The ______ portion of the harness should be comfortable and snug when the wearer leans back slightly.
seat
The rescuers can lift the casualty off the floor by placing the webbing ______ over their own shoulders.
straps
What is the primary consideration when deciding on a knot to use in a rope rescue operation?
The knot's safety and strength
What is the purpose of a safety knot?
To prevent fraying and sliding through a block, hole, or other knot
What is the term for the inactive section of rope during the process of tying a knot?
Standing part
What is the term for an open turn formed when a rope is doubled back upon itself making a turn but not crossing over itself?
Bight
What is the term for the end of rope that threads through to complete the knot?
Running end
What is the term for a turn of rope that crosses itself?
Loop
What is the term for the free end of rope that extends from a knot?
Tail
Why is it important for rescuers to be able to tie knots, bends, and hitches in all conditions?
To ensure they can tie the knots correctly in any situation
What is the main consideration when selecting a knot for a rope rescue operation?
The knot's strength and safety
What is the purpose of a hitch in a rope rescue operation?
To attach a rope or webbing to another object
What is the primary purpose of blanketing a stretcher?
To provide warmth and comfort to the casualty
What is the purpose of the herringbone tie-in?
To secure the casualty to the stretcher
Why is it important to pad the casualty during transportation?
To reduce movement and discomfort
What is a consideration when deciding on a tie-in procedure?
All of the above
What is the benefit of using rolled blankets in a stretcher?
To reduce movement between the feet and the stretcher
What is the purpose of securing items such as oxygen therapy units in the basket?
To prevent them from falling out during transportation
Why is it important to consider the basket's width and length during tie-in?
To ensure the tie-in procedure is safe and effective
What is the benefit of using a herringbone tie-in?
It allows for quick removal of the casualty from the basket
Why is it important to consider the location and number of support rails and cross members during tie-in?
To ensure the tie-in procedure is safe and effective
What is the purpose of tucking the upper body blanket under the casualty?
To secure the blanket in place
What is the primary purpose of a harness in rope rescue?
To protect and hold the user's body
Which knot is used to create a loop that will not jam, slip, or fall?
Bowline
What is the minimum diameter of rope required for a Butterfly Harness?
11mm
Which hitch is used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations?
Munter Hitch
What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight Bend?
To tie two rope ends together end-to-end
What is the primary purpose of a Webbing Harness (Upright)?
For an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness
What is the purpose of the Cat's Paw hitch?
To secure rope to hooks and rings
What is the purpose of the Prusik hitch?
To attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
What is the primary purpose of the Double Figure of Eight knot?
To create two loops that form the main point of attachment
What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight on a Bight knot?
To create a loop that forms the main point of attachment
What is the primary purpose of the webbing harness?
For casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue
How do you adjust the fit of the seat harness if it's too large?
By lengthening the tails at the ring bend
What is the purpose of the carabiner in the full body harness?
To connect the seat and chest harness together
What should be checked before and after attaching rope rigging systems to the carabiner?
The gate lock
What should be avoided when placing the knot in the chest harness?
Creating pressure points on the wearer's body
How do you complete the full body harness?
By connecting the seat and chest harness together with a carabiner
What should be snug and comfortable when the wearer leans back slightly in the full body harness?
The seat harness
How do you lift the casualty off the floor using the webbing harness?
By placing the webbing straps over the rescuers' shoulders
What is the purpose of the ring bend in the webbing harness?
To form a large loop around the casualty
How do you ensure the harness does not slip off during movement?
By making sure the harness is snug
What factor should rescuers consider when deciding on a knot for a rope rescue operation?
The safety of the knot for its intended use
What is the purpose of a safety knot?
To prevent fraying and stops from sliding through a block or hole
What is the term for an open turn formed when a rope is doubled back upon itself making a turn but not crossing over itself?
Bight
What is the term for the inactive section of rope during the process of tying a knot?
Standing Part
What is the term for the end of rope that threads through to complete the knot?
Running End
Why is it important for rescuers to be able to tie knots, bends, and hitches in all conditions?
To adapt to different rescue scenarios
What is the main consideration when selecting a knot for a rope rescue operation?
The safety of the knot for its intended use
What is the purpose of a hitch in a rope rescue operation?
To attach a rope to an object
What reduces the strength of a rope?
A knot
What should be considered when deciding on a knot, in addition to its safety for its intended use?
Its strength and ease of tying
What is the primary objective of blanketing a stretcher?
To provide the casualty with warmth for shock or environmental conditions
What is the purpose of wrapping around the legs when blanketing a stretcher?
To provide comfort to the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause pressure points
What is the primary benefit of using a herringbone tie-in?
It allows for quick removal of the casualty from the basket
What is the minimum recommended length of a dedicated tie-in web or rope?
60 feet (18 meters)
What is the purpose of padding underneath the casualty in a basket stretcher?
To reduce sliding and provide comfort
Why is it important to secure items such as oxygen therapy units in the basket?
To prevent them from being lost during transport
What is the purpose of rolling up blankets to make up spaces in the basket?
To reduce movement between the feet and the stretcher
What is the purpose of asking the conscious casualty about their comfort during the tie-in process?
To ensure they are comfortable with the tie-in method
What is the benefit of using a herringbone tie-in with a large diameter rope?
It avoids discomfort to the casualty
What is the purpose of tucking in the upper body blanket when blanketing a stretcher?
To reduce movement between the casualty and the stretcher
What is the primary purpose of a harness in rope rescue?
To protect and hold the user's body
What is the main consideration when selecting a bend in rope rescue?
The size of the ropes being joined
What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight knot?
To create a double loop
What is the purpose of the Prusik hitch?
To attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
What is the Butterfly Harness used for?
To raise or lower a casualty from one height to another
What is the purpose of the Webbing Harness?
To create a full-body harness for an upright person
What is the purpose of the Munter Hitch?
To belay in low-angle situations
What is the purpose of the Double Sheetbend?
To join two ropes of unequal size
What is the purpose of the Clove Hitch?
To secure a rope to a pole or post
What is the purpose of the Cat's Paw hitch?
To secure rope to hooks and rings
What is the primary purpose of the webbing harness?
To rapidly rescue casualties who are either unconscious or supine
How do you avoid pressure points on the wearer's body when building the harness?
By carefully placing the knot to avoid pressure points
What is the purpose of the carabiner when connecting the seat and chest harness together?
To connect the two harnesses together
How do you ensure the harness is comfortable and snug for the wearer?
By having the wearer hold the carabiner while checking the fit
What is the length of webbing used to build the seat harness?
15-foot length of webbing
What is the purpose of the ring bend when building the harness?
To tie the webbing together in a loop
How do you modify the chest harness if physical injuries are aggravated by the webbing?
By making modifications to the webbing to accommodate physical injuries
What is the purpose of pulling the webbing to snug the harness to the wearer in the webbing harness?
To secure the casualty for rescue
How do you ensure the full body harness is secure and comfortable for the wearer?
By checking the fit of the harness and making adjustments as necessary
What is the purpose of adding another carabiner when connecting the seat and chest harness together?
To connect the two harnesses together when there is a long distance between the connection points
Study Notes
Knots, Bends, and Hitches
- A knot must be safe for its intended use, strong enough for its role, easy to tie and untie, and not affect the strength of the system beyond the acceptable safety factor.
- Types of knots:
- Overhand Knot: basic safety knot
- Figure Eight: basic safety knot
- Bowline: creates a loop that will not jam, slip, or fall
- Bowline on a Bight: creates a double loop
- Figure of Eight on a Bight: creates a loop that forms the main point of attachment
- Double Figure of Eight: creates two loops that form the main point of attachment
- Butterfly Knot: creates a loop in the standing part of the rope that provides an attachment point for multidirectional use
- Bends:
- Double Sheetbend: used for tying two ropes of unequal size together
- Double Fisherman's: used to join two ropes of equal diameter
- Ring Bend: for connecting webbing to webbing
- Figure of Eight Bend: used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them
- Hitches:
- Clove Hitch: used for securing a rope to a pole or post
- Timber Hitch: used to hoist or drag timber or pipes
- Munter Hitch: used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations
- Prusik Friction Hitch: used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
- Tensionless Hitch: used for anchoring a rope
- Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches: used to secure rope to a post or pipe
- Cat's Paw: used to secure rope to hooks and rings
Harnesses
- Types of harnesses:
- Butterfly Harness: used when only a rope is available to safely lower or raise a casualty
- Webbing Harness (Upright): used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness
- Webbing Harness: used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue
- Key points for using harnesses:
- Ensure the harness is comfortable and snug
- Avoid placing knots in a way that creates pressure points on the wearer's body
- Use padding between the rope and the wearer's body where there are points of pressure
- Secure the eye to the loops with two half hitches to prevent slipping and tightening of the knot on the wearer's body
Blanketing a Stretcher
- Objectives:
- Provide the casualty with warmth for shock or environmental conditions
- Comfort the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause pressure points on the casualty's body
- Allow a rescuer to quickly access the vital signs and injuries of the casualty
- Keep the blankets from being loose and potentially getting into rigging systems
- Procedure:
- Lay blankets as shown, avoiding bumps that could cause pressure points
- Load casualty in, leaving a space at least 4” from head to rail if possible
- Wrap around legs, keeping loose at feet if a rope tie-in is to be used
- Finish by pulling the upper body blanket over and tucking it in
Basket Stretcher Tie-In
- Objectives:
- Secure the casualty sufficiently to reduce aggravation of injuries during transport
- Prevent the casualty from sliding around or slipping out of the basket
- Ensure the casualty is well-secured while moving from one height to another
- Prevent the casualty from moving within the basket when it needs to be moved from partial tipping to a full vertical position
- Fully secure the casualty in the basket when the rescuer cannot accompany them for the duration of a rescue
- Herringbone Tie-In procedure:
- Thread half of the tie-in web or rope through the bottom section of the stretcher, below the lowest cross member
- If using a rope, lay the center of the tie-in on top of the stretcher rail, wrap around the feet with a clove hitch, and pull the loop between the feet over the clove hitch
- If using webbing, form bights on each side of the stretcher, pull one through the stretcher, and push through the 1st loop at the feet
Knots, Bends, and Hitches
- A knot must be safe for its intended use, strong enough for its role, easy to tie and untie, and not affect the strength of the system beyond the acceptable safety factor.
- Types of knots:
- Overhand Knot: basic safety knot
- Figure Eight: basic safety knot
- Bowline: creates a loop that will not jam, slip, or fall
- Bowline on a Bight: creates a double loop
- Figure of Eight on a Bight: creates a loop that forms the main point of attachment
- Double Figure of Eight: creates two loops that form the main point of attachment
- Butterfly Knot: creates a loop in the standing part of the rope that provides an attachment point for multidirectional use
- Bends:
- Double Sheetbend: used for tying two ropes of unequal size together
- Double Fisherman's: used to join two ropes of equal diameter
- Ring Bend: for connecting webbing to webbing
- Figure of Eight Bend: used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them
- Hitches:
- Clove Hitch: used for securing a rope to a pole or post
- Timber Hitch: used to hoist or drag timber or pipes
- Munter Hitch: used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations
- Prusik Friction Hitch: used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
- Tensionless Hitch: used for anchoring a rope
- Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches: used to secure rope to a post or pipe
- Cat's Paw: used to secure rope to hooks and rings
Harnesses
- Types of harnesses:
- Butterfly Harness: used when only a rope is available to safely lower or raise a casualty
- Webbing Harness (Upright): used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness
- Webbing Harness: used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue
- Key points for using harnesses:
- Ensure the harness is comfortable and snug
- Avoid placing knots in a way that creates pressure points on the wearer's body
- Use padding between the rope and the wearer's body where there are points of pressure
- Secure the eye to the loops with two half hitches to prevent slipping and tightening of the knot on the wearer's body
Blanketing a Stretcher
- Objectives:
- Provide the casualty with warmth for shock or environmental conditions
- Comfort the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause pressure points on the casualty's body
- Allow a rescuer to quickly access the vital signs and injuries of the casualty
- Keep the blankets from being loose and potentially getting into rigging systems
- Procedure:
- Lay blankets as shown, avoiding bumps that could cause pressure points
- Load casualty in, leaving a space at least 4” from head to rail if possible
- Wrap around legs, keeping loose at feet if a rope tie-in is to be used
- Finish by pulling the upper body blanket over and tucking it in
Basket Stretcher Tie-In
- Objectives:
- Secure the casualty sufficiently to reduce aggravation of injuries during transport
- Prevent the casualty from sliding around or slipping out of the basket
- Ensure the casualty is well-secured while moving from one height to another
- Prevent the casualty from moving within the basket when it needs to be moved from partial tipping to a full vertical position
- Fully secure the casualty in the basket when the rescuer cannot accompany them for the duration of a rescue
- Herringbone Tie-In procedure:
- Thread half of the tie-in web or rope through the bottom section of the stretcher, below the lowest cross member
- If using a rope, lay the center of the tie-in on top of the stretcher rail, wrap around the feet with a clove hitch, and pull the loop between the feet over the clove hitch
- If using webbing, form bights on each side of the stretcher, pull one through the stretcher, and push through the 1st loop at the feet
Knots, Bends, and Hitches
- A knot must be safe for its intended use, strong enough for its role, easy to tie and untie, and not affect the strength of the system beyond the acceptable safety factor.
- Types of knots:
- Overhand Knot: basic safety knot
- Figure Eight: basic safety knot
- Bowline: creates a loop that will not jam, slip, or fall
- Bowline on a Bight: creates a double loop
- Figure of Eight on a Bight: creates a loop that forms the main point of attachment
- Double Figure of Eight: creates two loops that form the main point of attachment
- Butterfly Knot: creates a loop in the standing part of the rope that provides an attachment point for multidirectional use
- Bends:
- Double Sheetbend: used for tying two ropes of unequal size together
- Double Fisherman's: used to join two ropes of equal diameter
- Ring Bend: for connecting webbing to webbing
- Figure of Eight Bend: used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them
- Hitches:
- Clove Hitch: used for securing a rope to a pole or post
- Timber Hitch: used to hoist or drag timber or pipes
- Munter Hitch: used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations
- Prusik Friction Hitch: used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
- Tensionless Hitch: used for anchoring a rope
- Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches: used to secure rope to a post or pipe
- Cat's Paw: used to secure rope to hooks and rings
Harnesses
- Types of harnesses:
- Butterfly Harness: used when only a rope is available to safely lower or raise a casualty
- Webbing Harness (Upright): used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness
- Webbing Harness: used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue
- Key points for using harnesses:
- Ensure the harness is comfortable and snug
- Avoid placing knots in a way that creates pressure points on the wearer's body
- Use padding between the rope and the wearer's body where there are points of pressure
- Secure the eye to the loops with two half hitches to prevent slipping and tightening of the knot on the wearer's body
Blanketing a Stretcher
- Objectives:
- Provide the casualty with warmth for shock or environmental conditions
- Comfort the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause pressure points on the casualty's body
- Allow a rescuer to quickly access the vital signs and injuries of the casualty
- Keep the blankets from being loose and potentially getting into rigging systems
- Procedure:
- Lay blankets as shown, avoiding bumps that could cause pressure points
- Load casualty in, leaving a space at least 4” from head to rail if possible
- Wrap around legs, keeping loose at feet if a rope tie-in is to be used
- Finish by pulling the upper body blanket over and tucking it in
Basket Stretcher Tie-In
- Objectives:
- Secure the casualty sufficiently to reduce aggravation of injuries during transport
- Prevent the casualty from sliding around or slipping out of the basket
- Ensure the casualty is well-secured while moving from one height to another
- Prevent the casualty from moving within the basket when it needs to be moved from partial tipping to a full vertical position
- Fully secure the casualty in the basket when the rescuer cannot accompany them for the duration of a rescue
- Herringbone Tie-In procedure:
- Thread half of the tie-in web or rope through the bottom section of the stretcher, below the lowest cross member
- If using a rope, lay the center of the tie-in on top of the stretcher rail, wrap around the feet with a clove hitch, and pull the loop between the feet over the clove hitch
- If using webbing, form bights on each side of the stretcher, pull one through the stretcher, and push through the 1st loop at the feet
Learn about the essential knots, bends, and hitches used in rope rescue operations, including factors to consider when choosing a knot and how to tie them safely and effectively.
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