Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the structural classification of the knee joint?
What is the structural classification of the knee joint?
synovial
How many axes does the knee joint move in?
How many axes does the knee joint move in?
2
The knee joint allows flexion, extension, and rotation. Therefore, it is classified as a?
The knee joint allows flexion, extension, and rotation. Therefore, it is classified as a?
modified hinge joint
Which three bones make up the knee joint?
Which three bones make up the knee joint?
The '_____ ______' surface is longer and narrower than the lateral condyle.
The '_____ ______' surface is longer and narrower than the lateral condyle.
Of the two menisci in the knee joint, which one is larger?
Of the two menisci in the knee joint, which one is larger?
What are the menisci composed of?
What are the menisci composed of?
Which capsular ligament attaches from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula?
Which capsular ligament attaches from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula?
What type of ligaments are the LCL and MCL?
What type of ligaments are the LCL and MCL?
Which capsular ligament attaches from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial surface of the tibia?
Which capsular ligament attaches from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial surface of the tibia?
Valgus stress is stress from the '_____' aspect on the knee joint and tests which ligament.
Valgus stress is stress from the '_____' aspect on the knee joint and tests which ligament.
What ligament does valgus stress test?
What ligament does valgus stress test?
Varus stress is stress from the '_____' aspect on the knee joint and tests which ligament.
Varus stress is stress from the '_____' aspect on the knee joint and tests which ligament.
What ligament does varus stress test?
What ligament does varus stress test?
The two cruciate ligaments of the knee joint are what?
The two cruciate ligaments of the knee joint are what?
Which ligament originates from the anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia?
Which ligament originates from the anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia?
Which ligament originates from the posterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia?
Which ligament originates from the posterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia?
Which structure attaches to the periphery of the menisci to the tibial plateau both anteriorly and posteriorly?
Which structure attaches to the periphery of the menisci to the tibial plateau both anteriorly and posteriorly?
Which structure joins the anterior edges of the menisci and anchors them to the anterior of the tibia?
Which structure joins the anterior edges of the menisci and anchors them to the anterior of the tibia?
What does the transverse ligament of the knee allow?
What does the transverse ligament of the knee allow?
Which ligament runs from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle?
Which ligament runs from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle?
70% of knees have either an '_______ ______ _' or a ' ________ ______'.
70% of knees have either an '_______ ______ _' or a ' ________ ______'.
Which ligament strengthens the knee joint capsule posteriorly?
Which ligament strengthens the knee joint capsule posteriorly?
The arcuate popliteal ligament contributes to what kind of stability of the knee?
The arcuate popliteal ligament contributes to what kind of stability of the knee?
The synovial membrane excludes which two ligaments?
The synovial membrane excludes which two ligaments?
Bursa between the skin and patella anteriorly?
Bursa between the skin and patella anteriorly?
Bursa between the patellar tendon and the tibia?
Bursa between the patellar tendon and the tibia?
Bursa between the patellar tendon and skin?
Bursa between the patellar tendon and skin?
Bursa above the patella that communicates with the synovial cavity?
Bursa above the patella that communicates with the synovial cavity?
Which structure reinforces the knee joint anteriorly?
Which structure reinforces the knee joint anteriorly?
Which structure(s) reinforce the knee joint posteriorly?
Which structure(s) reinforce the knee joint posteriorly?
What movement can the knee do when flexed?
What movement can the knee do when flexed?
Explain the screw home mechanism.
Explain the screw home mechanism.
What type of rotation in the knee joint occurs when the foot is fixed (weight bearing)?
What type of rotation in the knee joint occurs when the foot is fixed (weight bearing)?
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Study Notes
Knee Joint Overview
- Structural classification: synovial joint.
- Movement: allows flexion, extension, and rotation; classified as a modified hinge joint.
- Movement axes: 2 axes of movement.
Bone Structure
- Composed of three bones: femur, patella, and tibia.
- The medial condyle surface is longer and narrower than the lateral condyle.
Menisci
- Two menisci present, with the medial meniscus being larger.
- Composed of fibrocartilage.
Ligaments
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) connects from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula.
- Medial collateral ligament (MCL) connects from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial surface of the tibia.
- Both LCL and MCL are classified as extracapsular ligaments.
Stress and Stability
- Valgus stress: applied from the lateral aspect, testing the medial collateral ligament.
- Varus stress: applied from the medial aspect, testing the lateral collateral ligament.
- Cruciate ligaments are extrasynovial.
Cruciate Ligaments
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): originates from the anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, attaching to the medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur.
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): originates from the posterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, attaching to the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur.
Additional Structures and Functions
- Coronary ligament: connects the periphery of the menisci to the tibial plateau.
- Transverse ligament: joins the anterior edges of the menisci, allowing simultaneous movement of both menisci.
- Posterior meniscofemoral ligament connects the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle.
Joint Capsule and Bursa
- The oblique popliteal ligament reinforces the knee joint capsule posteriorly, while the arcuate popliteal ligament contributes to posterolateral stability.
- The synovial membrane excludes the ACL and PCL.
- Notable bursae:
- Prepatellar bursa: located between the skin and patella.
- Deep infrapatellar bursa: between the patellar tendon and tibia.
- Superficial infrapatellar bursa: between the patellar tendon and skin.
- Suprapatellar bursa: above the patella, communicating with the synovial cavity.
Movement Mechanics
- Flexed knee allows for rotation.
- Screw home mechanism: due to the medial femoral condyle being 1cm longer than the lateral, leading to medial rotation of the femur during knee extension. This mechanism promotes energy-efficient posture when standing.
- When the foot is fixed (weight-bearing), a medial rotation of the femur on the tibia occurs.
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