Bacteriology exam prep: Klebsiella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Helicobacter
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Questions and Answers

What type of pathogen is Klebsiella generally classified as?

  • Obligate pathogen
  • Opportunistic pathogen (correct)
  • Commensal pathogen
  • Primary pathogen

    • Which species of Klebsiella is involved in causing mastitis in cattle?

  • Klebsiella oxytoca
  • Klebsiella variicola
  • Klebsiella aerogenes
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae (correct)

    • What common environmental factor contributes to the pathogenesis of Klebsiella infections in cattle?

  • High altitudes
  • Cool and cold weather (correct)
  • Dry and arid conditions
  • Hot and humid weather

    • Which antibiotic resistance is commonly acquired by Klebsiella?

    <p>Beta lactamase resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a species in the genus Citrobacter that causes meningitis and abscesses in newborn babies?

    <p>Citrobacter freundii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is commonly caused by Klebsiella oxytoca?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a factor produced by Klebsiella that is important for its pathogenicity?

    <p>Exotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition in mares is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

    <p>Metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Citrobacter is resistant to cephalosporins and penicillin?

    <p>Citrobacter freundii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Y.pestis?

    <p>Through inhalation of droplets from infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission of Y.pseudotuberculosis?

    <p>Fecal-oral through ingestion of contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathological feature of Y.pestis infection in cats?

    <p>Regional lymphadenitis and cranial edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Y.enterocolitica infection in humans?

    <p>Contaminated pork products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virulence determinant of Y.enterocolitica at 22-25°C?

    <p>Cold source, such as water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Yersinia causes mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, and acute gastroenteritis in birds and rodents?

    <p>Y.pseudotuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical feature of Y.pseudotuberculosis infection in animals?

    <p>Diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common source of Y.enterocolitica infection in humans?

    <p>Infected fleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Y.pestis proliferation in fleas?

    <p>Midgut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathologic change of Y.pseudotuberculosis infection in the intestinal wall?

    <p>Formation of necrotic foci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of staining is particularly characteristic for Yersinia in smears from affected tissues?

    <p>Bipolar staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what ambient temperature are most Yersinia species motile?

    <p>18-20 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Yersinia species is most prevalent in causing human disease?

    <p>Yersinia enterocolitica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is common among pathogenic Yersinia species?

    <p>Resistance to non-specific immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is the primary intermittent host in the urban cycle of Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Oriental rat flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is NOT considered an endemic area for plague caused by Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Northwestern Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT characteristic of Yersinia outer proteins?

    <p>Obligate intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections does Yersinia pseudotuberculosis typically cause?

    <p>Gastrointestinal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of habitats are primary plague reservoirs tolerant in endemic areas of Yersinia pestis?

    <p>Tolerant rodents' habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic motility of Campylobacter species?

    <p>Darting or corkscrew-like motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common habitat of C. fetus ssp. venerealis?

    <p>Preputial crypts of persistently infected bulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Campylobacter species is associated with reproductive disease in cattle?

    <p>C. fetus ssp. venerealis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host of C. hyointestinalis ssp. hyointestinalis?

    <p>Ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Campylobacter species is associated with diarrhea and bacteremia in humans?

    <p>C. jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of Campylobacter species?

    <p>Curved rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common disease caused by C. fetus ssp. fetus in animals?

    <p>Abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of C. fetus ssp. fetus?

    <p>Intestinal tract and gall bladder of infected ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Campylobacter species is associated with asymptomatic infections in humans?

    <p>C. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic Gram stain reaction of Campylobacter species?

    <p>Gram negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of C.fetus ssp.venerealis in cattle?

    <p>Through coitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common sign of reproductive disease in cattle infected with C.fetus ssp.venerealis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of localization of C.fetus ssp.fetus and C.jejuni in pregnant sheep?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Campylobacter infection in humans?

    <p>Contaminated poultry products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic gross finding in aborted fetuses infected with C.fetus ssp.fetus?

    <p>Tan to red foci of necrosis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Campylobacter spp. causing enteric disease?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical sign of enteric disease caused by Campylobacter spp.?

    <p>Abdominal cramps and self-limiting diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of chickens that carry Campylobacter jejuni in their ceca?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Campylobacter infection in pets and farm animals?

    <p>Faeces from healthy pets and farm animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of Campylobacter coli?

    <p>Pigs and poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign of Helicobacter infection in pigs can lead to economic losses?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a major complication caused by Helicobacter spp. in the gastric mucosa?

    <p>Adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular infiltration is seen in the gastric mucosa due to Helicobacter spp. infection?

    <p>Mononuclear inflammatory infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of Helicobacter infection in the gastric mucosa rather than in the hepatic system?

    <p>Glandular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign indicates the presence of digested blood in feces due to Helicobacter spp. infection?

    <p>Melena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter spp. in pigs?

    <p>Economic losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperplasia is associated with Helicobacter infection in the gastric mucosa?

    <p>Follicular hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical pathological result of chronic Helicobacter infection in the gastric environment?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells infiltrate the gastric intraepithelial layer due to Helicobacter infection?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the two broad groups of Helicobacter species?

    <p>Some cause direct disease while others are opportunistic pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical condition is primarily caused by H. pylori in humans?

    <p>Persistent gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal has approximately 60% colonization with H. suis?

    <p>Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which routes can Helicobacter species be transmitted zoonotically?

    <p>Oral-oral and fecal-oral routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-H. pylori species is primarily associated with inflammation of the brain?

    <p>H. suis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of dogs and cats are infected with at least one species of Helicobacter?

    <p>80-100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs are associated with non-H. pylori species in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Mild gastritis, asymptomatic carriage, cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do gastric Helicobacter species primarily occupy within the host?

    <p>Mucus layer or gastric epithelium tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genus Klebsiella

    • Non-haemolytic, facultative anaerobe, and opportunistic pathogen
    • Naturally found in the intestinal tract of animals, producing capsules similar to other Enterobacteriaceae
    • Produces endotoxins, adhesins, enterotoxins, and siderophores

    Diseases Caused by Klebsiella

    • Cervicitis, metritis in mares
    • Urinary tract infections in dogs
    • Pneumonia and suppurative conditions in foals
    • Coliform mastitis in cattle, a serious condition with case-fatality rates ranging from 10-80%
    • Mammary gland infections with septicemia and endotoxic shock in cattle

    Contributing Factors to Pathogenesis

    • Contamination of surgical equipment, cleaning devices, and surfaces
    • Acquisition of beta-lactamase resistance

    Genus Citrobacter

    • Opportunistic pathogen causing wound infections and urogenital tract infections
    • Resistant to cephalosporins and penicillin

    Pathogenic Species

    • Klebsiella pneumoniae: urogenital tract infections, bronchopneumonia, mastitis, and metritis in different animal species
    • Klebsiella oxytoca: urinary tract infections and septicaemia in different animal species
    • Klebsiella aerogenes: mastitis in cattle, urogenital infections in mares, and mastitis-metritis-agalactiae syndrome in sows
    • Citrobacter freundii: meningitis and abscesses in newborn babies, mastitis in cattle, wound infections, and infections of the urogenital tract

    Genus Yersinia

    • The genus Yersinia was previously included in the family Enterobacteriaceae, but it was reclassified into a new family, Yersiniaceae, in 2016.
    • Yersinia species are gram-negative coccobacilli that exhibit bipolar staining, especially in smears from affected tissues and stained with Giemsa stain.
    • Most species are flagellated at ambient temperatures, making them motile at 18-20°C.

    Pathogenic Species

    • Yersinia pestis: causes bubonic plague in humans, rodents, and occasionally in domestic animals.
    • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: mainly affects birds and rodents, causing food and water-borne illnesses, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia.
    • Yersinia enterocolitica: mainly causes disease in domestic animals and primates, and is the most prevalent species in humans, causing food and water-borne illnesses, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia.

    Features of Pathogenic Species

    • Tropism for lymphoid tissues
    • Resistance to non-specific immune responses and phagocytosis of macrophages
    • Facultative intracellular pathogens
    • Formation of extracellular colonies in tissues
    • Production of Yersinia outer proteins
    • Transmission to humans directly or indirectly via animal reservoirs

    Yersinia pestis

    • Natural habitat: concentrated in certain endemic areas in southern and southeastern Asia, southern and west central Africa, western North America, and north central South America.
    • Tolerant rodents (mice, rats) in endemic areas constitute the primary plague reservoir.
    • In the urban cycle, the rat is the main intermittent host, and the main vector is the oriental rat flea.
    • Transmission: primarily through bite wounds of infected rodent fleas, and through droplet inhalation after close contact with infected mammals.
    • Pathogenesis: involves the formation of hemorrhagic inflammatory lesions, local lymph node involvement, septicemia, and endotoxemia, leading to death if untreated.

    Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

    • Causes mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia in birds and rodents.
    • Transmission: fecal-oral, with exposure primarily through ingestion of contaminated food and water.
    • Pathogenesis: involves the internalization of bacteria by M cells, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the induction of inflammation, leading to diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and depression.

    Yersinia enterocolitica

    • Causes mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia in domestic animals and primates.
    • Transmission: fecal-oral, through ingestion of food and water contaminated with animal feces, or by direct contact with animal feces.
    • Pathogenesis: similar to Y. pseudotuberculosis, involving the internalization of bacteria by M cells, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the induction of inflammation, leading to diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and depression.

    Yersinia ruckeri

    • Causes enteric red mouth disease in freshwater fish, particularly rainbow trout.
    • Transmission: through contaminated water or food.
    • Pathogenesis: involves the formation of hemorrhagic inflammation of the perioral subcutaneous tissue, leading to systemic disease and mortality in fish.

    Campylobacter Genus

    • Belongs to the family Campylobacteraceae
    • Characterized as small, slender, curved (S-shaped) rods that are Gram-negative
    • Associated with diseases of the reproductive and intestinal tracts

    Characteristics of Campylobacter

    • Slow-growing, fastidious, and sensitive to oxygen, low pH, osmotic stress, and high temperatures
    • Motile with characteristic darting or corkscrew-like motility

    Veterinary Importance

    • Species of importance include C.fetus, C.jejuni, C.coli, C.upsaliensis, and C.lari
    • Species can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic, with non-pathogenic species being commensals of the intestinal tract of humans and animals

    Species and Primary Hosts

    • C.fetus: ruminants
    • C.jejuni: poultry, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, and humans
    • C.coli: pigs, poultry, ruminants, and humans
    • C.upsaliensis: dogs, cats, and poultry
    • C.lari: wild birds and dogs

    Disease in Animals and Humans

    • C.fetus: abortion, diarrhea, and bacteremia in animals; diarrhea and bacteremia in humans
    • C.jejuni: abortion, diarrhea, and asymptomatic in animals; diarrhea, bacteremia, and asymptomatic in humans
    • C.coli: asymptomatic, abortion in animals; diarrhea, bacteremia, and asymptomatic in humans
    • C.upsaliensis: symptomatic, diarrhea in animals; diarrhea, bacteremia in humans
    • C.lari: diarrhea, bacteremia in humans

    Natural Habitat

    • C.fetus: reservoir intestinal tract and gall bladder of infected ruminants
    • C.jejuni: intestinal tract and gall bladder of carrier sheep, poultry, and other animals
    • C.coli: primary reservoirs in pigs and poultry

    Transmission of Campylobacter spp.

    • Reproductive disease: C.fetus ssp.venerealis by coitus, artificial insemination, or contaminated semen/equipment
    • Enteric disease: ingestion of fecally contaminated feed or water, or by fetal fluids and placental membranes from aborted fetuses

    Pathogenesis of Reproductive Disease

    • C.fetus ssp.venerealis: multiplier in the vagina, enters the uterus, causes endometritis, and leads to repeated breeding, irregular estrus cycles, and increased calving intervals
    • C.fetus ssp.fetus: localize to the placenta, causes placentitis, fetal infection, and abortion

    Clinical Signs of Reproductive Disease

    • Repeated breeding, irregular estrus cycles, increased calving intervals, and increased non-pregnant cows
    • Abortion in cattle and goats

    Pathogenesis of Enteric Disease

    • C.jejuni adheres to and invades the intestinal epithelium, causing epithelial damage, hemorrhages, and production of cytokines
    • Only a small minority of strains are serum resistant and can cause systemic infection

    Clinical Signs of Enteric Disease

    • Fever, abdominal cramps, and self-limiting watery to bloody diarrhea in both animals and humans

    Genus Helicobacter

    • Gram-negative, motile bacteria with a range of morphologies from tightly coiled spirals to slightly bent rods
    • Belong to the family Helicobacteriaceae
    • Originally classified as Campylobacter due to similar morphology

    Habitat and Distribution

    • Found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, ferrets, birds, nonhuman primates, dogs, cats, pandas, dolphins, pigs, and other animals
    • Can occupy the mucus layer or adhere to gastric epithelium tissue
    • Some species are host-specific, while others can infect different animal species

    Infection and Transmission

    • 50% of humans carry H. pylori and potentially additional species in their GI tract
    • ~80-100% of dogs and cats are infected with at least one species (H. felis, bizzozeronii, heilmannii, bilis, and others)
    • ~60% of pigs are colonized with H. suis
    • ~60% of poultry are infected with H. pylorum
    • Transmission occurs through oral-oral and fecal-oral routes
    • Can be zoonotically transferred between pets and humans

    Pathogenesis and Pathological Changes

    • Colonize the stomach, express virulence factors, and induce chronic inflammatory reactions
    • Lead to gastric mucosa ulceration, and various changes, including:
      • Mononuclear inflammatory infiltration
      • Gastric intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration
      • Fibrosis
      • Glandular degeneration
      • Follicular hyperplasia
      • Lymphoma
      • Epithelial injury and ulceration
      • Adenocarcinomas
      • Polyps and other changes

    Clinical Signs and Economic Impact

    • Possible clinical signs include pallor, melena, chronic vomiting, weight loss, inappetence, and diarrhea
    • Enterohepatic helicobacters can cause diarrhea and/or hepatitis
    • Majority of infections are asymptomatic
    • Chronic gastritis in pigs leads to 10% reduction of daily weight gain, resulting in substantial economic losses

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of Klebsiella genus, including its non-haemolytic and facultative anaerobe properties, as well as the diseases it causes in various animals.

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