King Bagyidaw (1819-1837)

Sagaing King (or) Bagyidaw (1819-1837)

• King Sagaing or Bagyidaw was King Badon or Bodawphaya's grandson, and became king in 1819 after his grandfather's death.
• Bagyidaw sought to restore confidence amidst war rumors by abandoning Bodawphaya's temple and lake projects, suspending taxes for three years, and moving the capital to Innwa.
• Bagyidaw was considered weak, allowing his chief queen Minthargyi and her relatives to gain power, while Queen Mai Nu, despite her common origins, had talented relatives appointed to high offices.
• The army and King's brother Prince Tharrawaddy resented the queen's growing power.
• During Bagyidaw's reign, the British were the victors over Napoleon, and controlled colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including India and Ceylon.
• The King of Manipur tried to break ties with Myanmar by not attending Bagyidaw's coronation or sending tribute; Bagyidaw felt he must immediately assert his authority before the British intervened.
• Bagyidaw retaliated, Manipur's King fled to Cachar, but then drove out Cachar's King, who then requested the British and Myanmar provide assistance.

The British Intrusion in Myanmar (1824-1852)

• In January 1824, Myanmar troops invaded Cachar and formally declared war; Maha Bandula planned a two-pronged attack from Assam through Cachar and from Arakan.
• The armies met and attacked Calcutta together, while Maha Bandula led the army from Arakan, defeating British Indian army units at Ramu using guerrilla and frontal tactics.
• British ships gathered with troops, arms, and equipment at the Andaman Islands, south of Yangon, and in May 1824, the armada entered Yangon's harbor, taking the city by surprise.
• Bagyidaw mobilized two armies to stop the British from advancing, but the British faced minimal resistance.
• The Myanmar armies awaited Bandula's arrival and attacked British forts at the Shwedagon Pagoda, but they retreated due to inferior weapons from the 18th century.
• Bandula retreated to Danubyu, where he positioned his forces, but he was killed by a bursting shell during a fierce battle.

Medieval China

• China was ruled by dynasties for hundreds of years, which are successions of rulers from the same family.
• China was initially united under one ruler between 221 BC and AD 311, and then divided and reunited three times in the next 1,000 years.
• The first Song emperor reunited the country in 960 AD.
• During the Song dynasty, technological advancements outpaced those in Europe.
• The Chinese invented firearms, bombs, clocks, compasses, and paper money long before Europeans did.
• The Chinese also invented the first machine for recording earthquakes, and also used a form of vaccination against disease, which was not developed in Europe until the 18th century.
• In 1271, Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, moved the Mongol capital to Beijing, declared himself Emperor of China, and started Yuan dynasty: signifying the beginning of Mongol rule.

Kublai Khan (1215-1294)

• Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Mongol or Yuan dynasty, which governed China from 1271 to 1368.
• The Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271 to 1368 was founded by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis.
• Kublai, the son of Tolui and brother of the fourth Great-Khan Mangu, conquered Yunnan and Annam, and became Great-Khan after Mangu's death in 1259.
• The Mongol Empire lost unity as Kublai's brothers disregarded Genghis Khan's warning to stay united under one Great-Khan.
• Kublai Khan established his capital in Cambaluc (now Beijing) in 1264.
• In 1276, Kublai's forces captured Quinsay (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Song dynasty, also destroying the Song fleet near Guangzhou (Canton).
• By 1279, Kublai completed the conquest of China, marking the first time that "barbarians" had conquered other countries in Southeast Asia.
• The states conquered had to recognize the Yuan dynasty as their new leaders.
• Kublai's attempts to conquer Japan and Java were not successful, preventing him from taking direct power over the western Mongol Empire.
• Under Kublai Khan's rule, art and cultural relations thrived, with relations established around the world.
• Mongol rule in China endured less than a century. The Mongols did not let the Chinese ruling class govern, instead they gave the task of governing to foreigners.
• Distrusting the Chinese, the Mongols placed the southern Chinese at the lowest level of the four classes they created.
• The Chinese were contemptuous of the Mongols for failing at following Chinese culture.
• The Mongols upheld their language and traditions, while still being accepting of other religions.
• Secret societies became active after Kublai Khan's death in 1294.
• The Red Turbans became prominent throughout the north during the 1350s.
• A rebel leader named Chu Yuan-Chang captured Nanjing in 1356.
• Chu gained authority of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze, and drove the Mongols north in a decade.
• Chu declared himself Hung-wu and established his capital at Nanjing in 1368, later taking Peking.

The Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-AD 1644)

• After almost a century of foreign rule, the Ming dynasty arose.
• After almost a century of foreign governing, the first Ming emperor designed his rule to emulate that of the Han dynasty.
• The Ming dynasty restoration was smaller than under the Han or Tang dynasties.
• Hung-wu restored Confucianism, consolidating power for himself by gathering loyal officials and dividing the empire into 15 provinces.
• In 1421, Emperor Yung-Lo seized the throne via civil war and relocated the capital to Peking.
• The Ming faced official corruption, taxation and external threats in Empire security.
• The Mongols seized Peking in 1550.
• Pirates attacked the east coast as the Japanese made their way inland to Hangzhou and Nanjing.
• Chinese rebel Li Tzu-cheng, led bandits because of a famine in 1628 and mastered north China by 1642, taking Peking in 1644.
• Li taking Peking led to the last Ming emperor hanging himself and the end of the dynasty.
• Ming general Wu San-kuei brought in the Manchus from beyond the Great Wall to drive out the rebels.
• The Manchus began the Ching after rebels were evicted.

Thailand

• Thailand is in Southeast Asia, known for the friendliness of its people, and unlike its neighbors, it's never been under European rule.
• Siam was renamed Maung Thai in 1939 to remember its centuries long lasting independence, and then was renamed Thailand in 1949.

Location and Climate

• Thailand is located in Indochina, on a peninsula between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, bordering Myanmar to the west and north, Laos to the east, and Cambodia the southeast, while southward lies the Malay Peninsula.
• Thailand, lying between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer, has a tropical climate, with monsoon winds bringing moisture, April and May bring the hottest conditions, and monsoons from May to October provide rain, while the northeast monsoon brings cooler weather from November to March.

Four Main Geographic Regions

• Irrigated lands in northern Thailand harvests two crops a year, with soybeans or peanuts grown.
• Central Thailand has a fertile river basin that are rivers from the north that forms the Chao Phraya.
• Eastern Thailand has a sandy Korat Plateau that drains into the Mekong; it is best for grazing.
• Southern Thailand has rubber production, tin and tungsten.

The People of Thailand

• The Thai are of Mongoloid descent, linked to China, and ardent Buddhists whose alphabet derives from Cambodian script and its phonetics.
• The Chinese are the main minority in port cities, in industry, mining and trade.
• Thai mostly live rurally by farming or fishing; farmers own land and reside in villages or in canals (klongs).
• Homes are on piles to keep floors dry, houses have thatched roofs, some families live on boats, klongs are local streets and market sites.
• Men, women and children grow rice by sickles and water buffalo trampling, while families eat river fish, lake and sea.

Religion, Arts, Recreation

• Locals contain Saffron-robed Buddhist monks that are in each town, while the wat is a Buddhist monastery, which has a hall, temple, quarters.
• During three months, Thai boys wear saffron and serve in wats.
• Thai are huge into traditional theatre, cinema, TV and radio, sporting events, and artisans and silversmiths enrich wats.

Education and Health Activities

• Education has been compulsory since 1921, while half the population are literate, Chulaolongkorn is the chief University, set up in 1917.
• The UN helped with exterminating malaria carrying mosquitoes, erosion is fought by replanting, new rice strains yield increased supply.

Bangkok- Thailand's Metropolis

• Bangkok was a small town that is the capital, famous for temples and the king's palace.
• Suvamabhumi Airport is a major hub for airliners, Bangkok is a transportation point to Malay, Combodia and Laos.

Heathens Become Christians

• Initial Christianity in Britain, then a Roman region, faded as invaders were heathens, and only evil spirit charms and monster rumors remained.
• People made nature god sacrifices, with autumn ceremonies that happened after the herds of cattle have been slaughtered.
• Woden was among their rulers, rulers said that they came from Woden.
• Other figures: god of war Tiw, god of thunder Thunor, and Frig.
• Roman named farm god Saturn, sun and moon named their days.
• They honored the future only in gravesite burials, its nature is mysterious.
• Gregory the Great was upset that slaves from Northumbria were ignorant.

Augustine's mission

• Gregory sent 40 converting monks with Augustine, and then landing in Kent's Isle Thanet in 597.
• Ethelbert of Kent, whose Christian Frank princess Bertha, let Augustine meet in open air.
• Ethelbert was alarmed at monks, but took them in after some consideration at Canterbury.
• With queen Bertha's consent, the monks went to the undamaged St Martin roman church.
• Before 600 AD, Ethelbert took Christianity followed thousands around and the neighboring regions.
• Pope Gregory created the Archbishopric of Canterbury and instructed Augustine on establishing English dioceses; he advised Augustine that temples must be churches, idols are replaced by altars, pagan sacrifices become regular Christian ceremonies; Christmas replaces Yule and Eostre is named for the Anglo-Saxon spring goddess.
• The roman missions began and suffered backfires; Gregory died in 604 and Augustine at the end of his time.

Christian from Ireland

• The Christian religion stayed with an unconquered side, Ireland.
• The man St. Patrick became prominent throughout Ireland. He was a British man who became a monk in Gaul.
• For almost 30 years Patrick went across Ireland baptizing towns, and then the men made Ireland religious.

Bede- scholar of Northumbria

• Bede grew up in Northumbria and Archbishop Theodore, became a monk, and was put in the care of monks close to Wearmouth.
• Abbot Benedict Biscop brought workers, built Wearmouth and monasteries.
• Monasteries benefited from visits to Rome where lots of books brought back.
• A century after 563, Columba who was Irish, was able to come and grow a monastery in of the Picts.
• At first, people grew the region and then changed the areas.
• Iona, a Church that gave back faith in 632, was British or Celtic.
• Northumbrian Oswald heard teachings.
• Oswald called Iona back because of what has became king, and because of that the leader Aidan, sailed in 635.
• Companions and Aidan preached across hills and dales of north England and would set some people across Mercia, and Essex.

The Synod at Whitby

• Christianity was made known via separate routes. Roman Catholic was in English, and the ‘Celtic’ Christians came from Iona.
• After 200 Years Christian Baptists services and not listening to the Pope, they didn't even do the head shave.
• Oswy made a council because of differences, for everyone to meet. In 663 he asked leaders, the goal being to agree with Easter.
• Roman Wilfred of Ripon spent time on the Continent and thought Easter spread all over. The scotish Picts disagree.
• Oswy and the Roman church won out Wilfred's arguments.

Theodore and Boniface

• English bishops started communicating with Rome and then after a while the Celtic in wales agreed. After Wilfred's meeting, the Pope appointed Archbishop Canterbury to the Roman monk Theodore in 669, who unified the churches. Theodore did councils and brought the issues out.
• The Roman church was ordered differently compared to monasteries the. Countries started diving because Dioceses became divided smaller and then each priest gave needs.
• Dioceses were smaller and more were appointed. Also giving schools for priests. Even after 300 years though, regular priests didn't show.
• Parish members did not get one.
• Worship would be done in churches, with the building taking lots of money, so monks/priests set crosses and met from outside.
• Theodore was given mass outside. From that there were wooden crosses carved of stone and you could still see there.
• Boniface left for Germany was asked for English help.

Early English Life and Customs

• Most ordinary people's lives in Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms remain a mystery, since monks only recorded king and church data.
• Reign dates and battle stories tend to be the source of available data for those times.
• The little that was remained was possessions like amour for imagine royal halls.
• The tale of Beowulf is the story of an unknown poet to tell tales of the people in fear of Grendel and dragons and their homes.
• After all struggles the man was able to die with the strength.

Customs

• The background helps in real kings the day. Some halls were made for the Hrothgar.
• With Beowulf murdering Grendel, then the man decorated walls with golden tapestries and had a great feast prepare.
• People drank Mead which was tasty drink.
• During times, thane lives were about serving, he needed defend lords.
• Kings did hunting for deer, boar. Also in war and doing kingdoms
• In the day, kings did not live in the capital, They stayed at estates with people being called.

Kings and thanes

• Kings the saint. They had priest who'd attend. It became one sided.
• With the poem it helps people with important gems.
• They were able to get thing and get wealth in return to their king.
• Kings whether of good will or not had be giving.
• Than always had to get land get protection. But some got killed, so they would attack with bodies.
• Thanes would gift with horses food the the hall.

Churls and thralls

• Most people had to do with villages. Most of the the people slave.
• Many slaves are with unfortunately British for getting the land.
• Thalls would get captured are would get captured in way.

The Folk-moot

-The marks were the thane. Werglid are sum. Fixed and were worth. A. Six times.

• That said the law would help give protection.

Kings and thanes

• Many people were killed injured if wronged so was the way for people that did not honor the rules. Church, the kings have tried helping some others make peace.
• Penalties would not given be, or they would get killed. However in courts things have to do with cases..

The return of the Vikings

• Saxon king was at peace and then viking heads began appearing in the coasts and recorded.
• Southampton was ruined by a naval group and a lot of captives in 980 .
• 981 large amount of damage at Devon and Cornwall.
• Attacks were done by tiny small group of people with warriors. In Essex, London in defeat. Because the lands were used by non useful Ethelred. But the man in true, meant useless suggestions.
• Instead collecting, the man was made to try go away with money payments. And before they paid Ethelred that when when in west, then the east one, after that there is nothing that could do to stop their way.
• Swein “forkbeard” King of Denmark, wanted to control. Ethelled went across and then was crowed. In 1013, King for some weeks; dead in Februrary 1014.
• It would make it easy the land did they not tell at

Etheldred's return

• Faced with a leader of army led by Cnut, By 1016 Ethelred the man was dead because he fought bravery, the king and his people accepted Cnut because what struggle was left.
• The man was only 20

King Cnut

• Cnut was a strong young leader, but is very bad man, he did not like leading people that he did not like and they could then do subjects feared him.
• Cnut had the woman Emma because it was what Ethelred married. The. The man had ships paid them off with
• People called to Edgar and the church.

Ethelred's Crown

• At most their where English for some that reign for for. Then there were to sons after him. Then his Family remained on English the throne. Because later both he sons had dead the empire has now been stolen.