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Study Notes
Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Solids have a fixed shape and volume, and high density
- Atoms vibrate, but cannot change location
- Particles are closely packed in a fixed, regular pattern
Kinetic Theory of Liquids
- Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container
- Liquids are generally less dense than solids, but more dense than gases
- Particles move and slide past each other, allowing them to flow
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of their container
- Gases have a very low density
- Particles are far apart, and move randomly at high speed (around 500 m/s) in all directions
- Particles collide with each other and container walls, creating pressure
Summary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Properties
| Property | Solid | Liquid | Gas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | High | Medium | Low |
| Particle Arrangement | Regular | Random | Random |
| Particle Movement | Vibrate around fixed positions | Move around each other | Move quickly in all directions |
| Particle Energy | Low | Greater | Highest |
States of Matter and State Changes
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Melting: Solid to liquid; requires heat energy; occurs at a specific temperature (melting point)
-
Boiling: Liquid to gas; requires heat energy; occurs at a specific temperature (boiling point)
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Freezing: Liquid to solid; reverse of melting; occurs at the same temperature (melting point)
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Evaporation: Liquid to gas; occurs at the surface of liquids over a temperature range; below the boiling point.
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Condensation: Gas to liquid; cooling a gas causes particles to lose energy and group together, forming a liquid; occurs over a temperature range.
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Sublimation: Solid to gas; few solids undergo this; like iodine or solid carbon dioxide. The reverse reaction is desublimation / deposition.
Pressure and Temperature in Gases
- Changes in temperature and pressure affect the volume of gases
- As gas temperature increases, the gas volume increases; the density decreases
- If a gas's container is compressed (volume is decreased), its pressure increases
- Gas particles are in constant, random motion
- Pressure is created by particles colliding with the inside walls of a container.
Heating and Cooling Curves
- As substances are heated, kinetic energy increases, causing particles to vibrate more rapidly
- Changes in state are shown by horizontal sections in a heating curve, where temperature remains constant
- Cooling curves are the mirror image of heating curves, showing temperature decrease corresponding to phase changes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Kinetic Theory of Matter, focusing on the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. This quiz covers how particles behave in different states of matter and factors such as density and arrangement. Perfect for students studying chemistry or physics.
