Gr 11 Physical Sciences: Term test 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the main assumption of the kinetic theory of gases about the size of particles?

  • They are equal in size to the distances between them.
  • They are extremely large compared to the distances between them.
  • They are smaller than the distances between them, but not negligible.
  • They are negligible compared to the distances between them. (correct)

    • What happens to the kinetic energy of gas particles during collisions with the container walls?

  • It becomes zero.
  • It remains the same. (correct)
  • It decreases significantly.
  • It increases exponentially.

    • What is the relationship between the temperature of a gas and the kinetic energy of its particles?

  • Temperature is proportional to the square root of kinetic energy.
  • Temperature has no relation to kinetic energy.
  • Temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy. (correct)
  • Temperature is inversely proportional to kinetic energy.

    • What is the definition of pressure in the context of the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>The measure of the number of collisions of gas particles with each other and with the container walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between ideal gases and real gases in terms of particle speed?

    <p>Ideal gases have particles that move at the same speed, while real gases have particles that move at different speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of heating a gas?

    <p>The temperature increases, and the average kinetic energy of its particles increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we primarily consider ideal gases when studying the gas laws?

    <p>Because they are simpler than real gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures?

    <p>The volume of the molecules becomes significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement of Boyle's Law?

    <p>pV = k, where k is a constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature increases at constant pressure?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume?

    <p>p ∝ T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an ideal gas and a real gas?

    <p>Ideal gases have zero volume and no intermolecular forces, while real gases do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of pressure in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>Pascals (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume increases at constant temperature?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement of Charles' Law?

    <p>V/T = k, where k is a constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general gas equation that combines Boyle's Law and the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ideal gas equation relate?

    <p>Pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>8.314 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature and pressure is the volume of one mole of a gas 22.4 dm³?

    <p>STP (273 K and 101.3 kPa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the concentration of a solution?

    <p>C = n/V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a titration?

    <p>To determine the concentration of an unknown solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume of gas A and the volume of gas B in a reaction?

    <p>V_A = a/b V_B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R)?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas?

    <p>pV/T = k</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that calculates the volume of a gas?

    <p>V = 22.4n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to express the relationship between reactants in a titration?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a limiting reagent?

    <p>A reagent that is completely used up in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate percent yield?

    <p>Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?

    <p>The molecular formula is more complex than the empirical formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concentrations and volumes of reactants A and B?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining percent purity?

    <p>To determine the quality of chemical substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal gas law equation?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?

    <p>Titration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the excess reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>A reagent that is not completely used up in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the step-by-step process for determining empirical and molecular formulae?

    <p>Find the mass, find the moles, determine the simplest ratio, write the empirical formula, and determine the molecular formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in solving problems involving gaseous reactions?

    <p>Determine the molar mass of the reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to break a bond called?

    <p>Bond dissociation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of percent yield in industrial processes?

    <p>It indicates the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in enthalpy (ΔH) during a reaction?

    <p>An indication of whether the reaction absorbs or releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe reactions that release energy?

    <p>Exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bond breaking and forming in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Energy is either absorbed or released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the stoichiometric ratios in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To find the mole ratio between the reactant and the gaseous product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation used to calculate the number of moles of a reactant?

    <p>n = m / M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a substance that can act as both an acid and a base?

    <p>Amphoteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is an example of an amphiprotic substance?

    <p>Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3−)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an acid that can donate more than one proton?

    <p>Polyprotic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a pair of species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton?

    <p>Conjugate acid-base pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction in which sulfuric acid (H2SO4) donates two protons?

    <p>Two-step reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an exothermic reaction, what is the sign of ∆H?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transient state during a reaction where bonds in the reactants are breaking, and new bonds in the products are forming?

    <p>Transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for substances that give away protons (H+)?

    <p>Proton donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of acids identified by their taste?

    <p>Sour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between H2 and F2?

    <p>2HF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy diagram shape for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Decreasing curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activated complex in a reaction?

    <p>It represents the highest energy point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bases identified by their feel?

    <p>Soapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction releases energy because the energy required to break bonds in the reactants is less than the energy released when new bonds form in the products?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to represent the change in enthalpy in a reaction?

    <p>ΔH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to break bonds in the reactants in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>More than the energy released when new bonds form in the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>A rising or dropping line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of enthalpy change (ΔH) in a reaction?

    <p>kJ·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an exothermic reaction, what is the relationship between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is greater than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an endothermic reaction, what is the relationship between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is less than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the enthalpy change (ΔH) in a reaction?

    <p>ΔH = E_products - E_reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products in a reaction?

    <p>Enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ideal gas equation?

    <p>To relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the volume of a gas?

    <p>V = nRT/p</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volumes of gases A and B in a reaction?

    <p>VA = a/b VB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of a solution defined as?

    <p>The number of moles of solute per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a titration?

    <p>To determine the concentration of an unknown solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal gas equation used for?

    <p>Relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>V = 22.4 n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the kinetic theory of matter and the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>The kinetic theory of matter applies to solids and liquids, while the kinetic theory of gases applies to gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ideal gases?

    <p>Particles are in constant motion and have the same speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sufficient cooling of a gas?

    <p>The gas liquefies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the number of collisions of gas particles with each other and with the container walls?

    <p>Pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of the kinetic theory of gases regarding the distances between particles?

    <p>The distances between particles are negligible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the temperature and kinetic energy of gas particles?

    <p>The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of its particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ideal gases are used to study the gas laws?

    <p>Ideal gases are simpler models that allow for easier mathematical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the amounts of reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a gas on its kinetic energy?

    <p>The kinetic energy of the gas increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reactant that is completely consumed first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate percent yield?

    <p>Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?

    <p>The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms, while the empirical formula shows the simplest ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining percent purity?

    <p>To determine the quality of chemical substances, especially in pharmaceuticals and industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to express the relationship between reactants in a titration?

    <p>CA VA = (CB VB) / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of percent yield in industrial processes?

    <p>It determines the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?

    <p>Titration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an excess reagent?

    <p>The reactant that is not completely used up in the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at low temperatures?

    <p>Intermolecular forces become significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the step-by-step process for determining empirical and molecular formulae?

    <p>Find the mass, find the moles, determine the simplest ratio, write the empirical formula, and determine the molecular formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of volume in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>Cubic meters (m³)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and volume of an ideal gas at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure is inversely proportional to the volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a gas on its volume at constant pressure?

    <p>The volume increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas at constant volume?

    <p>The pressure is directly proportional to the temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that combines Boyle's Law and the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R)?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of an ideal gas when its volume decreases at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature at constant pressure?

    <p>The volume is directly proportional to the temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an ideal gas and a real gas?

    <p>Ideal gases have no intermolecular forces and zero volume, while real gases do not meet these conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concentrations and volumes of reactants A and B in a reaction?

    <p>CA VA = CB VB / a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the ratio of reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the step-by-step process for determining the volume of a gaseous product in a reaction?

    <p>Determine the molar mass of the reactant, calculate the number of moles, use the stoichiometric ratios, and calculate the volume of the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to break a bond called?

    <p>Bond dissociation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in enthalpy (ΔH) during a reaction?

    <p>A measure of the energy absorbed or released during a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe reactions that release energy?

    <p>Exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bond breaking and forming in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Energy is either released or absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the stoichiometric ratios in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To determine the ratio of reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation used to calculate the number of moles of a reactant?

    <p>n = m / M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for the heat of reaction or enthalpy change?

    <p>ΔH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an endothermic reaction, what is the relationship between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ΔH symbol in a chemical equation?

    <p>To indicate the heat of reaction or enthalpy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>A graph showing the energy of reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of activation energy?

    <p>The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>To understand how energy changes drive chemical reactions, affecting both the environment and various industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>ΔH = E_products - E_reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a substance that can donate or accept protons (H+)?

    <p>Amphiprotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to start a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acids can donate more than one proton (H+)?

    <p>Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>They transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transient state during a chemical reaction where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming?

    <p>Activated Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is an example of an amphiprotic substance?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released, and ΔH is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a substance that can act as both an acid and a base?

    <p>Amphoteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acid according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition?

    <p>A proton donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy graph for both exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>Energy Diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an acid according to the early definition?

    <p>Sour taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy change in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is absorbed, and ΔH is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a base according to the Arrhenius definition?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of OH- ions in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the energy diagram in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To show the energy change during the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a base according to the early definition?

    <p>Soapy feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at low temperatures?

    <p>The intermolecular forces between gas molecules become significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula that relates the initial and final pressures and volumes of a gas at constant temperature?

    <p>p1V1 = p2V2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure?

    <p>The volume is directly proportional to the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ideal gases and real gases?

    <p>Ideal gases have zero volume, while real gases have significant volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that combines Boyle's Law and the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of pressure in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature decreases at constant pressure?

    <p>The volume decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume?

    <p>The pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle behind the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>Gas particles are in constant motion, moving in straight lines at various speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ideal gases and real gases?

    <p>Ideal gases have particles that move at the same speed, while real gases have particles that move at different speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of heating a gas on its kinetic energy?

    <p>The kinetic energy of the gas particles increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the temperature of an ideal gas and its kinetic energy?

    <p>The temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption about the spaces between particles in the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>The spaces between particles are negligible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>To describe the behavior of gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of collision that occurs between gas particles and the container walls?

    <p>Elastic collision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its kinetic energy?

    <p>The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of understanding the ideal gas equation?

    <p>To predict the behavior of gases under different conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume of gas A and the volume of gas B in a reaction?

    <p>V_A = a/b V_B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?

    <p>22.4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a titration?

    <p>To determine the concentration of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the concentration of a solution?

    <p>C = n/V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the ideal gas equation?

    <p>Predicting the behavior of gases under different conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the behavior of gases under different conditions?

    <p>To predict the behavior of gases in various scientific and engineering applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the volume of a gas?

    <p>V = nRT/p</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the maximum amount of product that can be formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to express the relationship between reactants in a titration?

    <p>C_A V_A = C_B V_B/a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the ideal gas law in the context of gaseous reactions?

    <p>To relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of percent yield in industrial processes?

    <p>It compares the actual yield of a product to the theoretical yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the number of moles of a reactant in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To calculate the volume of the gaseous product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?

    <p>The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms, while the empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the molar volume of a gas at STP in gaseous reactions?

    <p>It is used to convert between moles and volume of a gas at STP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining percent purity?

    <p>To determine the amount of a specific pure compound in an impure sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy required to break a bond in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Bond energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate percent yield?

    <p>Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?

    <p>Titration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the change in enthalpy (ΔH) in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It indicates whether the reaction absorbs or releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the stoichiometric ratios in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To find the mole ratio between reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a limiting reagent?

    <p>A reagent that is completely used up in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in solving problems involving gaseous reactions?

    <p>Determine the molar mass of the reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume of gas A and the volume of gas B in a reaction?

    <p>CA VA = CB VB/a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the step-by-step process for determining empirical and molecular formulae?

    <p>Find the mass, find the moles, determine the simplest ratio, write the empirical formula, and determine the molecular formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the mole ratio between reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the molar volume of a gas at STP in the context of gaseous reactions?

    <p>It is used to convert between moles and volume of a gas at STP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to represent the change in enthalpy in a reaction?

    <p>ΔH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>kJ·mol^{-1}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions is an example of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>C(s) + H_2O(g) → CO(g) + H_2(g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The graph starts at a higher energy level and drops down as the reaction progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of energy changes during exothermic and endothermic reactions?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is either greater than or less than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding energy changes during chemical reactions?

    <p>To understand how energy changes drive chemical reactions, affecting both the environment and various industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe reactions that absorb energy?

    <p>Endothermic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe substances that can donate or accept protons?

    <p>Amphiprotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acids can donate more than one proton?

    <p>Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the two species in a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>They transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an amphoteric substance?

    <p>It can act as both an acid and a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an amphiprotic substance?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transient state where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activated complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released, and ΔH is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is absorbed, and ΔH is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acid according to the Arrhenius definition?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a base according to the Arrhenius definition?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of OH- ions in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acid according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition?

    <p>A substance that donates a proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a base according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition?

    <p>A substance that accepts a proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy diagram for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Exothermic energy graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy diagram for an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Endothermic energy graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assumption of the kinetic theory of gases about the motion of particles?

    <p>Particles are in constant motion, moving in straight lines at various speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the weak attractive forces between gas particles in the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>They do not affect the behavior of the gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the temperature of a gas in a closed container?

    <p>The gas particles speed up and the pressure increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the composition of ideal gases and real gases?

    <p>Ideal gases have negligible intermolecular forces, while real gases have significant intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas in an ideal gas?

    <p>The temperature and pressure are directly proportional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for deviating from ideal gas behavior at high pressures?

    <p>The intermolecular forces between gas particles become significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the kinetic energy of gas particles in the kinetic theory of gases?

    <p>It determines the temperature of the gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the behavior of ideal gases and real gases?

    <p>Ideal gases have negligible intermolecular forces, while real gases have significant intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why intermolecular forces become significant at low temperatures?

    <p>The kinetic energy of gas molecules decreases, bringing them closer together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the pressure of an ideal gas on its volume, at constant temperature?

    <p>The volume of the gas decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas, at constant volume?

    <p>The pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas laws?

    <p>J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas, at constant pressure?

    <p>The volume of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature of an ideal gas on its pressure, at constant volume?

    <p>The pressure of the gas increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the initial and final pressures and volumes of a gas, according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>p₁V₁ = p₂V₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general gas equation that combines Boyle's Law and the pressure-temperature relationship?

    <p>pV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?

    <p>8.314 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gas has a volume of 1.5 dm³ at STP. How many moles of gas are present?

    <p>0.067 mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an ideal gas and a real gas?

    <p>Ideal gases behave ideally at all pressures and temperatures, while real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reaction, 2 moles of gas A react with 3 moles of gas B. If the volume of gas A is 44.8 dm³, what is the volume of gas B?

    <p>67.2 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the volume of a gas on its pressure, at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure of the gas decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution has a concentration of 2 mol·dm⁻³. If 0.5 dm³ of the solution is added to 1.5 dm³ of water, what is the new concentration of the solution?

    <p>0.67 mol·dm⁻³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gas has a pressure of 202.65 kPa, a volume of 1 dm³, and a temperature of 298 K. What is the number of moles of gas?

    <p>1 mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a titration, 25.0 mL of a 0.1 M solution of NaOH is required to neutralize 20.0 mL of an HCl solution. What is the concentration of the HCl solution?

    <p>0.05 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure of a gas if its volume is 2 dm³ and it contains 0.5 moles of gas at a temperature of 298 K?

    <p>202.65 kPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gas has a volume of 3 dm³ at STP. What is the volume of the gas at 273 K and 202.65 kPa?

    <p>4 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reaction, 1 mole of gas A reacts with 2 moles of gas B. If the volume of gas A is 22.4 dm³, what is the volume of gas B?

    <p>44.8 dm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature of a gas if its pressure is 202.65 kPa and it contains 0.5 moles of gas in a volume of 1 dm³?

    <p>298 K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the mole ratios of reactants in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To identify the limiting reagent and determine the maximum amount of product that can be formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stoichiometric coefficient 'a' in the equation C_A V_A = C_B V_B / a?

    <p>It represents the ratio of reactant B to reactant A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the empirical and molecular formulae of a compound?

    <p>The empirical formula represents the simplest ratio, while the molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the percent purity of a sample?

    <p>To determine the amount of a specific pure compound in an impure sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the percent yield of a reaction?

    <p>Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stoichiometric calculations in industrial processes?

    <p>To reduce waste and the consumption of expensive reagents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the actual yield and theoretical yield in a reaction?

    <p>The actual yield is always less than or equal to the theoretical yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the excess reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is the reactant that is not completely consumed in the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of titration in analytical chemistry?

    <p>To determine the concentration of an unknown solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can act as both an acid and a base, depending on the reaction?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a substance that can donate or accept protons (H+)?

    <p>Amphiprotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acids can donate more than one proton (H+)?

    <p>Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>A pair of substances that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a polyprotic acid?

    <p>It can donate more than one proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation of a gaseous reaction?

    <p>They determine the mole ratio between the reactant and the gaseous product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of applying the ideal gas law in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of the reactants and products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bond breaking and forming in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reaction releases energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the number of moles of a reactant in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To determine the mole ratio between the reactant and the gaseous product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of enthalpy (H) in the context of chemical reactions?

    <p>The total energy of a chemical system at a given pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying the concept of stoichiometry in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To relate the moles of reactants and products to their volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the molar volume at STP in gaseous reactions?

    <p>It is used to convert between moles and volume of gases at STP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of determining the number of moles of the gaseous product in a reaction?

    <p>To find the volume of the gaseous product formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ideal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas law?

    <p>It is used to relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the equation PV = nRT in gaseous reactions?

    <p>To relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sign of ∆H for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Less than zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions is an example of an endothermic reaction?

    <p>C(s) + H2O(l) → CO(g) + H2(g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graphical representation of energy changes in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>The graph starts at a higher energy level and drops down as the reaction progresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the heat of reaction (ΔH) in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the energy change during the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations represents the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>ΔH = Eproducts - Ereactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of reactants and products in an endothermic reaction?

    <p>The energy of reactants is lower than the energy of products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to represent the heat of reaction (ΔH)?

    <p>ΔH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of energy change in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy is released to the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transient state during a reaction where bonds in the reactants are breaking and new bonds in the products are forming?

    <p>Activated Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of energy change in an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy decreases from reactants to products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?

    <p>A proton donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy diagram for an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Energy increases from reactants to products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activated complex in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is the highest energy point in the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?

    <p>Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acid according to the Arrhenius definition?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy change during a reaction?

    <p>Enthalpy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the energy diagram for a chemical reaction?

    <p>To show the change in enthalpy during a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

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