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Questions and Answers
What is the main assumption of the kinetic molecular theory regarding the distance between molecules?
What is the relationship between the average translational kinetic energy of molecules in an ideal gas and the temperature of the gas?
What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases in a container?
What is the unit of pressure used in the ideal gas law?
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What is the relationship between the average speed of molecules in a gas and temperature?
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What is the relationship between the force exerted on the wall by a single molecule and the force exerted on the wall by all molecules?
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What happens to the curve of molecular speeds as the temperature increases?
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What is the assumption of the kinetic molecular theory regarding the collisions between molecules?
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What is the point at which a gas can liquefy at any pressure below the critical temperature?
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What is the property of a gas that is directly proportional to the number of molecules and the temperature of the gas?
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What is the process by which a few drops of dye in water will gradually spread throughout?
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What is the equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas?
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What is the term for the solid-liquid transition?
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What is the point at which all three phases of matter can coexist in equilibrium?
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What is the direction of diffusion?
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What is the term for a graph that shows all three phases of matter?
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What is the primary assumption of the Ideal Gas Law?
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What is the unit of measurement for atomic and molecular masses?
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What is the definition of partial pressure?
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What is the density of a gas dependent on?
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What is the primary concept behind the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
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What is the definition of 1 unified atomic mass unit (u)?
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What is the purpose of a thermometer?
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What is the phenomenon observed in Brownian motion?
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Study Notes
Kinetic Theory and Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
- The average speed of molecules in a gas can be found as a function of temperature.
- The distribution of molecular speeds in a gas, as derived by Maxwell, shows that the most probable speed (vP) is not quite the same as the rms speed.
Real Gases and Changes of Phase
- The behavior of a gas at different temperatures can be represented by curves, which shift to the right as temperature increases.
- Below the critical temperature, a gas can liquefy if the pressure is sufficient; above it, no amount of pressure will suffice.
- A PT diagram is called a phase diagram, showing all three phases of matter (solid, liquid, and vapor).
- The solid-liquid transition is melting or freezing, the liquid-vapor transition is boiling or condensing, and the solid-vapor transition is sublimation.
- The triple point is the only point where all three phases can coexist in equilibrium.
Diffusion and Effusion
- Diffusion is the process of spreading from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.
- Diffusion occurs without stirring, as seen in the spreading of dye in water.
Kinetic Theory of Molecules
- All matter is made of atoms or molecules that are in constant motion.
- These particles contain energy, and their movement is random.
- The kinetic theory assumes that molecules:
- Are a large number
- Move in random directions with a variety of speeds
- Are far apart, on average
- Obey laws of classical mechanics and interact only when colliding
- Have perfectly elastic collisions
Kinetic Theory and Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
- The force exerted on a wall by the collision of one molecule is proportional to the square of the speed of the molecule.
- The average translational kinetic energy of the molecules in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.
- The pressure of an ideal gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas.
Gas Properties
- Gas molecules have mass.
- The molecules move randomly.
- Gases take shape and volume of their container.
- Gases are compressible.
- Gases move through regions easily, a process known as diffusion.
- Gases exert pressure.
Atomic Theory of Matter
- Atomic and molecular masses are measured in unified atomic mass units (u).
- 1 u = 1.6605 × 10^(-27) kg.
- Brownian motion is the jittery motion of tiny flecks in water, resulting from collisions with individual water molecules.
Temperature and Thermometers
- Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
- Most materials expand when heated.
- Thermometers are instruments designed to measure temperature, taking advantage of some property of matter that changes with temperature.
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Description
Explore the kinetic theory and its application to understand the molecular interpretation of temperature, including the distribution of molecular speeds and the relationship between temperature and average speed.
