Kinesiology Exam: Sessions 12-21

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Questions and Answers

Match each executive function with its description:

Inhibitory control = The ability to control one's attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure. Working memory = A limited capacity system that operates to temporally store and use recently presented information. Cognitive flexibility = The ability to adapt flexibly to our constantly changing environment. Reasoning = The ability to reach logical conclusions based on prior information.

Match the memory system with its primary function:

Short-term memory = Temporarily stores information without manipulation. Long-term memory: = A more permanent storage repository of information. Semantic memory = Stores general knowledge about the world based upon experiences. Episodic memory = Stores knowledge about personally experienced events, along with their temporal associations.

Match each type of knowledge with its description:

Declarative knowledge = Knowledge about what to do in a situation that is verbalizable. Procedural knowledge = Knowledge that enables one to actually perform a skill, typically not verbalizable or difficult to verbalize. Encoding = Transforming to-be-remembered information into a form that can be stored in memory. Retrieval = Process of searching through long-term memory for information needed for present use.

Match each motor pathway with its primary function:

Corticospinal tract = Voluntary skilled action, particularly fine motor control of the digits and hand. Rubrospinal tract = Alternative path for voluntary motor drive. Reticulospinal tract = Control of motor functions, regulation of reflex sensitivity, and activation of central pattern generators. Vestibulospinal tract = Postural adjustments, head movements, and eye movements via the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Signup and view all the answers

Match each aspect of attention with the definition:

Attention = Characteristics associated with consciousness, awareness, and cognitive effort as they relate to the performance of a skill. Attentional Focus = Directing attention to specific aspects of our performance or performance environment. Top-down Attention = An internally induced process in which information is actively sought out in the environment based on voluntarily chosen factors. Bottom-up Attention = An externally induced process in which information to be processed is selected automatically because of highly noticeable features of stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Match each role with an overview of the process:

Motor Planning = Involves various brain regions, including the PFC, SMA, and LPMC, modulated by the Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum, to select appropriate motor plans. Motor Programming = Involves the premotor (e.g., SMA, LPMC) and primary motor areas, modulated by the Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum, to implement the movement plan. Schema Theory = A rule or set of rules that serve to provide the basis for a decision; an abstract representation of rules governing movement. Generalized Motor Program (GMP) = A stored pattern for movement that applies to a wide range of movements within the same general category. Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain area with its main function:

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) = Involved in information processing with a high level of integration and executive functions. Premotor Cortex (PMC) = Involved in eliciting complex movements, specifying motion features, and receiving inputs from the Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum. Primary Motor Cortex (area 4) = Controls a group of muscles to move an entire segment towards an objective and encodes the movement direction and force. Basal Ganglia = Involved in the choice of motor plans, activates, retrieves, and initiates movement plans, and scales movement parameters. Signup and view all the answers

Match the cerebellum region with its associated function:

Spinocerebellum = Muscle tone and ongoing execution of movement. Cerebrocerebellum = Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning. Vestibulocerebellum = Balance and eye movements Cerebellum Inputs = Serves as a multisensorial integrator (visual, auditory, proprioceptive, vestibular information). Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of practice distribution with its characteristics:

Massed Practice = Rest between trials and/or sessions are very short. Distributed Practice = Rest between trials and/or sessions are relatively long. Blocked practice = A practice sequence in which all trials of a given task component are completed before moving on to the next task component. Random Practice = A practice sequence in which two or ore task components are intermixed across the practice trials. Signup and view all the answers

Match each stage of learning with its focus:

Cognitive Stage = Learner encounters cognitive problems, and must integrate information. Associative Stage = Learner makes associations between environmental cues and movements. Autonomous Stage = Learner performs skill in habitual or automatic manner. Diversification = Learner must diversify the basic movement pattern, be tuned to the regulatory conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to its definition:

Open-loop control = A system of control in which, during the course of an action, sensory information related to the effects of motor commands does not affect future motor commands. Closed-loop control = System of control in which information does have an impact on future commands. Motor Program = A pre-structured set of motor commands selected by the CNS and sent to the peripheral nervous system. Motor Learning = Changes in the capability of a person to perform a skill, inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice. Signup and view all the answers

Match the component with its characteristics:

Invariant Features = Unique set of GMP characteristics that does not vary from one performance to another. (ex. relative time, relative force) Parameters = Features of the GMP that can be varied from one performance of a skill to meet changes in total time, total force, movement amplitude. Adaptation = Change in performance allowing to regain former motor repertoire in altered circumstances. Explicit learning = Learning generated by verbal knowledge of movement performance. Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept to its definition:

Fractionizing = Practice parts separately; when each part is learned, put together with the other parts. Segmentation = Practice part A, then B, then AB, then C, then ABC; a type of chaining to learn the skill. Simplification = Whole practice with reduced difficulty in the entire skill. Mental practice = The cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movement. Signup and view all the answers

Match the practice methods to characteristics:

Retention Test = Measures person's ability to perform tasks after a no-practice retention interval. Transfer Test = Tests performance in a situation different from the practice context. Positive transfer = Previous practice in one skill assists learning of a new skill. Negative Transfer = Previous practice in a one skill hinders learning new skill. Signup and view all the answers

Match the statement involving motor skills with the possible issue:

Not wise to infer learning from practice = Practice data may have no evidence for semi-permanent changes in behavior. Performance may plateau during practice = There's a lack of permanent changes that may temporary. Performance may over-or-under estimate learning = Susceptibility to overestimate changes during actions. Perception & Action Coupling = May become problematic if the same perceptual situation requires a different movement than what was learned. Signup and view all the answers

Match what happens in specific areas with the action caused by that process:

Muscle tone & ongoing execution of movement = Spinocerebullum. Coordination of Skilled Movements and motor function planning = Cerebrocerebullum. Balance & eye movement = Vestibulocerebullum Complex motor movements = Area in the lateral part of hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

Match each area with the function it produces:

Motor skills = Emphasis learning and performance. Skill retention = Skill is stable and consistent. The use of feedback in the same movement skill = Results of practice and learning . Actions & goals of tasks = To apply what tasks and skills that need attentional and motor resources . Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions relating to motor control:

Corticospinal Tract = A pathway that carries neural drives for voluntary motion, allowing for precise control of movements, especially in the hand. Rubrospinal Tract = Serves as an alternative pathway for voluntary motor drive, receiving input from the cerebellum and motor cortex to aid in motor function. Vestibulospinal Tract = Plays a key role in postural adjustments by coordinating head and eye movement Reticulospinal Tract = Helps to control the motor function and function regulation. Signup and view all the answers

Match each one with learning processes:

Short term retention = Retention over short space of time. Transfer learning = Is a test in which a person i) performs a different skill. Negative transfer = Previous practices of one skill that hinder performance. The task of learning = Until goals and moments are achieved with ease . Signup and view all the answers

Match which term with an explanation:

Motor Programming = Process that makes action of motor movements occur . Motor Planning = Is a combination that makes actions become successful over time. Retention = In order to access motor memory, you need to repeat motor skills. Neuro Integration = In order to provide the action to occur, integration must happen from multiple brain sites Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain area with definition:

Prefrontal = Planning and action selection in performance Premotor = Coordination and action implementation Motor Cortex = Motor skill implementation over time. Motor System = All parts are accounted for. Signup and view all the answers

Match each phase of motor skill aquisition with the goal of the phase:

Acquiring movement: = Get knowledge of movements and skill that are needed Fixation Diversification: = To achieve and refine skills. Implementation = Have the skills used every time when needed. Cognitive = To provide the brain with the knowledge and skills. Signup and view all the answers

Match the movement type with the brain area used:

Planning movement = Prefrontal Coordinating movements = Premotor Skilled motor Movement = Motor Cortex Motor system = System functions. Signup and view all the answers

Match each component of general motor programming with description:

Action = Unique set of characteristics when there is skill Movements: = Characteristics of the general motor program during movement. Invariant : = The part that varies and varies on each general motor movement. Features = Combination or what action to perform to produce with skill. Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of skill retention to its descriptor:

Motor = The focus is emphasize learning and performance Retention = In all aspects the skill will become more and more available Performance . = Using feedback enhances the ability with that new skill. Motor Resources = Actions related to task and goals. Signup and view all the answers

Match type of learning with characterization:

Motor Adapation = No new capabilities emerge but changes depending if there is any circumstance needed Motor Skills = Action performed can increase any type performance Adaptation learning = Motor system that helps keep capabilities in environment Skilled Aquisition = Adapation in learning that needs adaptive and stability in performance Signup and view all the answers

Match method with motor learning characterization:

Stable retention = The skill will be more consistent. Adaptabilitly = The skill when used has better capability. Skills in Retention = The task can be transferred when needed . Reduction of demands = Learning requires little to no effort to use. Signup and view all the answers

Match learning skill with description:

Long skill time = Mass the actions needed . Time space = All periods of time between actions when skills perform in same action Distributed . = Fatigue increase the need for increase rest but skill is master Skilled time = Long practice will allow integration for motor ability . Signup and view all the answers

Match the example to task or concept characterisation:

DVR = A good and effective mechanical tool. Motor Skills-throwing dart = A good example to show actions in skill usage. Muscle Memory = Allow the body to act when used over and over without much thought Practice for Motor system = Constant repetition to preform actions and increase integration Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Executive functions

A family of top-down mental processes needed when you have to concentrate and pay attention.

Inhibitory control

Being able to control one's attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure.

Working memory

A limited capacity system that operates to temporarily store and use recently presented information.