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Questions and Answers
What is the primary energy source during immediate maximal exercise lasting about 8-13 seconds?
What is the primary energy source during immediate maximal exercise lasting about 8-13 seconds?
Which of the following processes does NOT require oxygen?
Which of the following processes does NOT require oxygen?
During glycolysis, what is the end product when glucose is broken down under anaerobic conditions?
During glycolysis, what is the end product when glucose is broken down under anaerobic conditions?
What largely determines the breakdown of PCr during exercise?
What largely determines the breakdown of PCr during exercise?
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What is NOT a product of β-oxidation?
What is NOT a product of β-oxidation?
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Which energy system is considered the fastest and simplest for ATP production?
Which energy system is considered the fastest and simplest for ATP production?
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How much energy does the breakdown of phosphocreatine release per mole?
How much energy does the breakdown of phosphocreatine release per mole?
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Which molecule is primarily responsible for transporting glucose into cells during glycolysis?
Which molecule is primarily responsible for transporting glucose into cells during glycolysis?
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What is the primary energy system used during the first 1-2 minutes of high-intensity exercise?
What is the primary energy system used during the first 1-2 minutes of high-intensity exercise?
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Which macronutrient is capable of generating ATP anaerobically?
Which macronutrient is capable of generating ATP anaerobically?
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What is one limitation of the anaerobic glycolytic pathway?
What is one limitation of the anaerobic glycolytic pathway?
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Which substance is produced during glycolysis and can be used as a fuel?
Which substance is produced during glycolysis and can be used as a fuel?
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What role does lipolysis play in energy production?
What role does lipolysis play in energy production?
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In the context of substrate-level metabolism, which molecule is primarily generated alongside ATP during glycolysis?
In the context of substrate-level metabolism, which molecule is primarily generated alongside ATP during glycolysis?
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During what metabolic cycle does Acetyl-CoA play a critical role?
During what metabolic cycle does Acetyl-CoA play a critical role?
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What is the end product of the glycolytic pathway under anaerobic conditions?
What is the end product of the glycolytic pathway under anaerobic conditions?
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What is the primary byproduct of aerobic glycolysis?
What is the primary byproduct of aerobic glycolysis?
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Which energy source predominates during a 100 m sprint?
Which energy source predominates during a 100 m sprint?
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Which process leads to the generation of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in anaerobic conditions?
Which process leads to the generation of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in anaerobic conditions?
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What is the primary function of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) during lipolysis?
What is the primary function of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) during lipolysis?
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In which exercise duration might lipolysis play a more significant role in energy production?
In which exercise duration might lipolysis play a more significant role in energy production?
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Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of beta-oxidation?
Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of beta-oxidation?
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What role does ATP play during the immediate energy system?
What role does ATP play during the immediate energy system?
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What is the end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
What is the end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
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Study Notes
Kinesiology 203: Metabolism I
- Course: Kinesiology 203, Activity: Health, Fitness and Performance, Metabolism I: Anaerobic and aerobic energy pathways
- Instructor: Jenny Zhang, Faculty of Kinesiology
- Date: October 29, 2024
Objectives
- Students should understand factors controlling energy production rates.
- Students should know the contribution of each energy pathway during different exercise intensities and durations.
- Students should be able to describe the main energy pathways: immediate system, anaerobic glycolytic system, and aerobic/oxidative system (aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fat oxidation).
Recap: Energy Transfer in the Body
- Chemical bonds in macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) in food are a form of potential energy.
- These chemical bonds are relatively weak and not directly usable in the body.
- The body converts these to high-energy compounds (ATP).
- ATP is the body's primary energy currency.
- Energy transfer results in chemical waste (CO2, H2O), heat, and kinetic energy (motion).
- Energy is needed for growth, repair, and cellular/nerve functions.
Summary: Metabolic Energy Pathways
- Detailed diagram depicting complex biochemical pathways involving enzymes, substrates, products, and locations (cytosol, mitochondria) within a cell.
- Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC).
Immediate System (ATP-PCr System)
- The immediate system uses stored ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr).
- It's the fastest and simplest energy system.
- It doesn't require oxygen for its function.
- The breakdown of PCr releases 10.3 kcal/per mol, enough for ~8-13 seconds of maximal effort.
- PCr breakdown depends on exercise intensity.
Anaerobic Glycolytic Pathway
- Breakdown of glucose or glycogen to produce lactate.
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP; glycogenolysis produces 3 ATP.
- Anaerobic glycolysis predominates during the first 1-2 minutes of high-intensity exercise.
- Doesn't require oxygen.
- Carbohydrate is the only macronutrient that can generate ATP anaerobically.
- Limitations: produces fewer ATP compared to aerobic pathways, produces H+ ions that reduce blood/muscle pH, leading to muscle fatigue.
- Lactate is a fuel that can be converted back to glucose.
Aerobic/Oxidative System
- Involves three main processes: aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle/Citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain, all inside mitochondria.
- Requires oxygen for its function, also known as cellular respiration.
- Aerobic capacity of a muscle determined by the number and density of mitochondria and is optimized when capillaries are dense near those mitochondria.
- Aerobic pathways produce a significant amount of ATP.
- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria.
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
- NADH and FADH2 generated in Krebs enter the electron transport chain to generate ATP.
ATP Yield from Aerobic Glycolysis
- 1 NADH + H+ = 2.5 ATP.
- 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP.
- Glycolysis prior to mitochondria yields 2 ATP.
- 4 NADH from glycolysis equals 10 ATP.
- Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation from the remaining 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 creates 15 ATP and 3 ATP, respectively, for a total yield of 30 ATP + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 4 ATP = 40 ATP.
Intro to Fat Oxidation
- Aerobic glycolysis and fat oxidation both enter the Krebs cycle, and a cell must decide how to use them.
- Variables considered by a cell include current nutrient availability and exercise intensity.
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Description
Test your understanding of the energy pathways covered in Kinesiology 203. This quiz focuses on anaerobic and aerobic pathways, their contributions during exercise, and the factors influencing energy production. Prepare to identify and describe the immediate, anaerobic glycolytic, and aerobic systems.
