Kinematics and Measurement Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What conditions must a satellite meet to be classified as geostationary?

It must remain at a fixed position relative to a point on the Earth's surface. (correct)

It must orbit in the opposite direction to Earth's rotation.

It must orbit once every 12 hours.

It must be located above the North Pole.

What characterizes simple harmonic motion?

The total energy remains constant in time.

Acceleration is in the same direction as displacement.

The motion occurs in a circular path.

Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement. (correct)

Which term defines the time taken for one complete oscillation?

Frequency

Angular Frequency

Amplitude

Period (correct)

What occurs during free oscillations?

The total energy and amplitude remain constant with time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of damping results in no oscillation but allows the system to return to equilibrium in the shortest time?

Critical Damping Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of an oscillating system?

Resonance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes progressive wave motion?

Energy is transferred from one location to another without matter transfer. Signup and view all the answers

In light damping, how does the frequency of oscillations compare to the undamped frequency?

It is slightly smaller than the undamped frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the quantity of heat required to produce a unit temperature rise of a body without a change in phase?

Heat Capacity Signup and view all the answers

How is the specific latent heat of vaporization defined?

Heat required to convert a unit mass of liquid to gas without a change of temperature Signup and view all the answers

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, what is equal to the increase in internal energy of a system?

Heat supplied to the system plus work done on the system Signup and view all the answers

What does the resistance of a conductor measure?

Ratio of potential difference to current flowing through it Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of electric current defined as the rate of flow of charges?

Ampere Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of amplitude in the context of a wave?

The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position Signup and view all the answers

What is potential difference between two points in a circuit?

Energy per unit charge converted to other forms Signup and view all the answers

How is the phase difference defined between two particles in a wave?

The angle in radians by which one particle is ahead of another Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the sum of random distribution of microscopic kinetic and potential energies of all molecules in a system?

Internal Energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a longitudinal wave?

Particles oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer Signup and view all the answers

What does the electromotive force (EMF) of a source signify?

Energy per unit charge converted from other forms to drive charges in a circuit Signup and view all the answers

What does Malus' Law state about polarized light?

The intensity varies with the square of the cosine of the angle of rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which property of a wave describes the distance it travels over time?

Speed Signup and view all the answers

What is a point source in wave terminology?

A source that emits waves radially in all directions Signup and view all the answers

What does the wavelength of a wave refer to?

The distance between two points that are in phase Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by wave intensity?

The rate of energy transfer per unit area Signup and view all the answers

What does Lenz's law state about the direction of induced emf?

It opposes the change in magnetic flux linkage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between root-mean-square (RMS) value and energy dissipation in an alternating current?

RMS value is equal to the direct current value for energy dissipation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the photoelectric effect?

Electrons are emitted when radiation exceeds the threshold frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the minimum energy required to free an electron from a metal's surface?

Work function. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle imply?

The uncertainty in position and momentum of a particle cannot be smaller than a certain value. Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton’s 3rd Law of motion state about the forces between two bodies?

The forces are equal and opposite. Signup and view all the answers

How is the nucleon number of an atom defined?

The total count of protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an isotope of an element?

Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines momentum?

The product of mass and velocity. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an elastic collision?

Both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atomic mass unit' refer to?

Defined as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Signup and view all the answers

How is impulse defined?

The product of force and the time duration of that force. Signup and view all the answers

What is Archimedes' Principle concerned with?

The buoyant force on a submerged object. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes inelastic collisions?

Momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not. Signup and view all the answers

What do the conditions for equilibrium state?

Resultant forces are zero in all directions. Signup and view all the answers

According to Hooke's Law, what is true about a spring's extension?

It is proportional to the applied load until the limit of proportionality is reached. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the torque of a couple?

The product of one force and the perpendicular distance between the two forces Signup and view all the answers

How is work done by a force calculated?

The product of the force and the displacement in the direction of the force Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of conservation of energy indicate?

Energy can change forms, but the total amount remains constant Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the gravitational field strength at a point in space?

The gravitational force experienced per unit mass at that point Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes angular velocity?

The rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time Signup and view all the answers

What does the unit 'joule' represent?

The work done by a force of 1 N on an object displaced by 1 m Signup and view all the answers

How is the frequency of an object in circular motion defined?

The number of complete revolutions per unit time Signup and view all the answers

What does gravitational potential energy represent?

The work done by an external agent to raise an object against gravity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definitions

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Measurements

Homogeneity of Equations: Every term on both sides of the equal sign must have the same units.
Systematic Errors: Readings or measurements are consistently smaller or larger than the true value by a fixed amount.
Random Errors: Readings or measurements vary around a mean value.
Accuracy: How close the average measurement is to the true value. Affected by systematic error.
Precision: How well repeated measurements agree with each other. Affected by random error.
Scalar: A quantity with only magnitude..
Vector: A quantity with both magnitude and direction.

Kinematics

Distance: The length of the path an object travels.
Displacement: The distance moved in a specified direction from a reference point.
Speed: The rate of change of distance with respect to time, instantaneous speed is the rate at which distance is changing at any given time, average speed is the total distance divided by the total time taken,
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement with respect to time. It has direction. Average is total displacement divided by total time.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Average is change in velocity over time.

Dynamics

Newton's 1st Law of Motion: A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by a resultant force acting upon it.
Inertia: A body's reluctance to change its motion. Mass is a measure of inertia.
Weight: The gravitational force exerted on an object.
Equilibrium: The resultant force and torque are both zero.
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Momentum: Mass × velocity
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion: The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and takes place in the same direction as the force.
Impulse: Force × time
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum remains constant.
Elastic Collision: Total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is lost.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved, and the colliding objects stick together.
Head-On Collision: The center of mass of the objects are on a single line before and after the collision.

Forces

Hooke's Law: The extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force up to the limit of proportionality.
Density: Mass per unit volume.
Pressure: Force per unit area acting perpendicular to the area.
Upthrust: The upward force exerted on an object by a fluid.
Archimedes' Principle: The upthrust on a submerged object is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
Equilibrium: The resultant force and torque are both zero.
Principle of Moments: The sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about a point.
Moment: The product of force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force.
Couple: Two equal and opposite forces that do not act along the same line.
Torque of a couple: The product of one force and the perpendicular distance between the two forces.
Center of Gravity: The point at which the weight of an object appears to act.

Work, Energy, Power

Work Done: Force × displacement in the direction of the force.
Joule: The unit of work (and energy).
Principle of Conservation of Energy: Energy in an isolated system remains constant; it may change forms but the total amount remains fixed.
Power: Rate of work done or energy conversion.

Circular Motion

Angular Displacement: Angle object makes relative to a reference line.
Radian: Angle subtended by an arc length equal to the radius of the arc.
Angular Velocity: Rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time.
Period: Time for one complete revolution.
Frequency: Number of complete revolutions per unit time.

Gravitational Field

Newton's Law of Gravitation: The force of attraction between two masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravitational Field: A region of space where a mass experiences a gravitational force.
Gravitational Field Strength: Gravitational force per unit mass.
Gravitational Potential Energy: Work done to move a mass from infinity to a point in the field without acceleration.
Gravitational Potential: Work done per unit mass to move a mass from infinity to a point in the field without acceleration.
Geostationary Satellite: A satellite that remains fixed above a particular location on Earth's surface. Orbital period matches Earth's rotation.

Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion: Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium and acts in the opposite direction.
Angular Frequency: Rate of change of phase angle.
Amplitude: Maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Period: Time for one complete oscillation.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per unit time.
Free Oscillations: Oscillations without any external driving or resistive forces.
Damped Oscillations: Oscillations with energy loss over time.
Light Damping: Amplitude decays exponentially with time.
Critical Damping: System returns to equilibrium in the shortest possible time without oscillations.
Heavy Damping: System takes a long time to return to equilibrium with no oscillations.
Forced Oscillations: Oscillations driven by an external periodic force.
Resonance: Driving frequency matches natural frequency, resulting in maximum amplitude.

Wave Motion

Progressive Wave: Transfers energy without matter transfer by a disturbance.
Displacement: Distance a particle is displaced from its equilibrium position,
Amplitude: Maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Period: Time for one complete oscillation.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per unit time.
Wavelength: Distance between consecutive points on the wave in phase.
Wave Speed: Distance travelled by the wave per unit time.
Phase: Stage of motion in a cycle. Expressed as angle in radians.
Phase Difference: Difference in phase between two points on a wave.
Wavefront: Line or surface containing points that are in phase.
Wave Intensity: Rate of energy transfer per unit area to objects perpendicular to the propagation direction.
Point Source: Source emitting waves radially outward.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Transverse Wave: Particles oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer direction.
Longitudinal Wave: Particles oscillate parallel to energy transfer direction
Polarization: Restriction of oscillations in a transverse wave to a single plane.
Malus' Law: Intensity of polarized light passing through a polarizer varies with the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarizer and the vibration direction.

Superposition

Principle of Superposition: Resultant displacement is the vector sum of individual waves' displacements.
Stationary Wave: Superposition of two progressive waves traveling in opposite directions, resulting in nodes and antinodes.
Diffraction: Spreading of waves after passing through an opening or around an obstacle. Affected by the relative sizes of the opening and the wavelength.
Coherence: Waves with a constant phase difference.
Interference: Superposition of two or more coherent waves.
Constructive Interference: Waves add up to give a larger amplitude.
Destructive Interference: Waves cancel out to give a smaller amplitude.
Path Difference: Difference in distances waves travel from their source to a point.

Thermal Physics

Heat: Energy transferred between objects due to temperature differences.
Thermal Equilibrium: No net heat flow between objects at the same temperature.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Ideal Gas: Obeys the equation pV=nRT.
Mole: Amount of substance containing Avogadro's number of particles.

Thermal Physics 2: First Law

Heat Capacity: Quantity of heat required to raise temperature by 1°C without phase change.
Specific Heat Capacity: Quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of substance by 1°C without phase change.
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat required to change 1 kg of substance from solid to liquid without changing temperature.
Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization: Heat required to change 1 kg of substance from liquid to gas without changing temperature.
Internal Energy: Total energy of a system (kinetic & potential) of particles.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Change in internal energy = Heat added to the system minus work done by the system.

Current of Electricity

Electric Current: Rate of flow of charge. Unit is Amps (A).
Coulomb: Unit of charge.
Potential Difference: Energy per unit charge converted to other forms. Measured in Volts (V).
Volt (V): Potential difference when 1 joule of energy is converted to other forms when 1 coulomb of charge passes through a given point.
Electromotive Force (EMF): Energy per unit charge supplied by a source to move charges through a circuit.
Resistance: Ratio of potential difference to current. Measured in Ohms (Ω)
Ohm (Ω): Resistance of a conductor with a 1V potential difference causing 1A of current to flow.
Ohm's Law: Current through a metallic conductor is proportional to the potential difference.

Electric Field

Coulomb's Law: Electric force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric Field: A region of space where a charge experiences an electric force.
Electric Field Strength: Electric force per unit positive charge.

Electromagnetism

Magnetic Field: A region of space where a magnetic material, a current-carrying conductor, or a moving charge experiences a magnetic force.
Magnetic Flux Density: Magnetic force per unit length of a long straight current-carrying conductor placed at right angles to the magnetic field; measured in Tesla (T).
Tesla: Uniform magnetic flux density acting normally on a long straight current-carrying wire.

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Law: Induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
Magnetic Flux: Product of magnetic flux density and area normal to the flux.
Magnetic Flux Linkage: Product of magnetic flux and number of turns.
Weber (Wb): Magnetic flux.
Lenz's Law: Induced current flows to oppose the change in magnetic flux.

Alternating Currents

Alternating Current (AC): Current that changes direction periodically.
Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value: Equivalent steady direct current or voltage that produces the same heating effect.
Ideal Transformer: No energy loss in stepping voltages up or down. Primary and Secondary (Turns Ratios)

Quantum Physics

Photoelectric Effect: Ejection of electrons from a metal surface by incident electromagnetic radiation.
Threshold Frequency: Minimum frequency for electron emission.
Photon: A quantum of electromagnetic energy.
Work Function: Minimum energy needed for an electron to escape the metal surface.
Stopping Potential: Potential needed to stop the emitted electrons.
Ionisation Energy: Minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Cannot know both position and momentum of a particle with perfect accuracy simultaneously.

Nuclear Physics

Nucleons: Protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
Nucleon Number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Atomic Number: Number of protons.
Neutron Number: Number of neutrons.
Nuclide: Nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons.
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Atomic Mass Unit (u): 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Mass Defect: Difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of its individual nucleons.
Binding Energy: Energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent nucleons.
Binding Energy per Nucleon: Average energy required to remove a nucleon.
Nuclear Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei
Nuclear Fusion: Combination of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus.
Radioactive Decay: Spontenous and random change in an unstable nucleus to a more stable one by emitting radiation or particles.

Radioactive Decay

Spontaneous Decay: Decay not triggered by external factors; rate unaffected by environmental conditions..
Random Decay: Cannot predict when a specific atom will decay, but probability per unit time is constant for that sample.
Decay Law: Decay rate for a large number of atoms is proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei.
Half-Life: Time needed for half the nuclei in a sample to decay.
Activity: Number of nuclear disintegrations/unit time.
Decay Constant: Probability a nucleus will decay in unit time.
Count Rate: Rate at which emissions from a radioactive source are detected.

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Test your understanding of kinematics and measurement concepts with this quiz. Topics include definitions of homogeneity of equations, errors in measurement, and distinctions between scalar and vector quantities. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in physics.