Physics: Units and Measurement, Kinematics Basics

Physical quantities: length, mass, time, temperature, and others
Fundamental units: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), kelvin (K), and others
Derived units: velocity (m/s), force (N), energy (J), and others
Conversion of units: length (cm, mm, km), mass (g, kg), time (min, hour)
Significant figures: rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Errors: types (random, systematic), causes, and minimization techniques

Motion: types (translational, rotational, vibrational), definitions, and examples
Displacement: definition, calculation, and graph representation
Velocity: definition, calculation, and graph representation
Acceleration: definition, calculation, and graph representation
Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + (1/2)at^2, v^2 = u^2 + 2as
Motion in one dimension: problems and solutions
Motion in two dimensions: projectiles, trajectory, time of flight, and range

Force: definition, types (contact, non-contact), and examples
Newton's laws:
- First law: inertia, equilibrium, and examples
- Second law: force and acceleration, F = ma
- Third law: action and reaction, examples
Friction: types (static, kinetic), coefficient of friction, and examples
Momentum: definition, conservation, and problems
Work, energy, and power: definitions, calculations, and relationships

Temperature: definition, measurement, and scales (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
Thermal expansion: linear, superficial, and volumetric expansion
Thermal properties: specific heat capacity, latent heat, and heat transfer
Laws of thermodynamics:
- Zeroth law: temperature equilibrium
- First law: energy conservation, internal energy, and heat transfer
- Second law: entropy, reversibility, and irreversibility
Thermodynamic processes: isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and cyclic processes

Physical quantities have units, such as length in meters, mass in kilograms, time in seconds, and temperature in Kelvin
Fundamental units are the base units of the International System of Units (SI) and cannot be expressed in simpler terms
Derived units are units that can be expressed as a combination of fundamental units, such as velocity in meters per second (m/s) and force in Newtons (N)
Conversion of units involves changing from one unit to another, such as from centimeters to meters or from grams to kilograms
Significant figures are digits in a number that are known to be reliable and are used to express the precision of a measurement
Errors in measurement can be random or systematic, and minimization techniques include using multiple measurements and calibrating instruments

Motion can be translational, rotational, or vibrational, and is described in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
Displacement is a change in position and can be calculated using the equation d = vt
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and can be calculated using the equation v = d/t
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and can be calculated using the equation a = Δv/Δt
The equations of motion describe the relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
Motion in one dimension involves objects moving in a straight line, while motion in two dimensions involves objects moving in two directions, such as projectiles

Force is a push or pull that causes an object to change its motion
Newton's laws describe the relationships between force and motion, including the law of inertia, the force-motion equation, and the law of action and reaction
Friction is a force that opposes motion and can be static or kinetic
Momentum is a measure of an object's tendency to keep moving and is calculated using the equation p = mv
Energy is the ability to do work and comes in different forms, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and thermal energy
Power is the rate at which work is done and is calculated using the equation P = W/t

Rotational motion involves objects rotating around a fixed axis, and can be described in terms of angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration
Rotational kinematics involves the study of rotational motion without considering the forces that cause it
Rotational dynamics involves the study of rotational motion and the forces that cause it, including torque and moment of inertia
Rotational energy includes kinetic energy and potential energy, and can be conserved in closed systems

Oscillations involve objects repeating a cycle of motion, and can be mechanical, electrical, or other types
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of oscillation that can be described using the equation x = A cos(ωt + φ)
SHM has characteristics including amplitude, frequency, period, and phase
Energy is conserved in SHM, with kinetic energy and potential energy converting back and forth
Waves involve the transfer of energy from one point to another, and can be mechanical or electromagnetic
Wave motion includes longitudinal, transverse, and progressive waves

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
Thermal expansion involves the change in size of a substance with temperature, and can be linear, superficial, or volumetric
Thermal properties include specific heat capacity, latent heat, and heat transfer
The laws of thermodynamics describe the relationships between heat, work, and energy, including the zeroth, first, and second laws
Thermodynamic processes include isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and cyclic processes