KIN 207 Lecture 18: Cardiorespiratory Development

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Questions and Answers

What physiological process primarily takes over as exercise duration increases during short-term vigorous activity?

Lactic acid fermentation

Metabolic acidosis

Aerobic system (correct)

Anaerobic system

Which factor is NOT related to anaerobic performance?

Age of the individual (correct)

Oxygen delivery systems

Body size

Ability to metabolize fuel sources

What trend has been observed regarding children's cardiorespiratory endurance worldwide?

Improved fitness levels

Reduced fitness levels (correct)

Stable fitness levels

Increased cardiovascular health

What is the maximum oxygen deficit that the body can tolerate during high-intensity activity referred to as?

Anaerobic capacity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to anaerobic performance in older adulthood?

It declines due to loss of muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

What is one way sedentary older men have demonstrated improved anaerobic performance?

Undergoing high-intensity endurance training Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is observed on anaerobic performance once adult body size is attained?

Improvement reflects training alone Signup and view all the answers

How is anaerobic power defined?

The rate at which the body can meet demand for short-term intense activity Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the force that a muscle can exert?

The muscle's cross-sectional area Signup and view all the answers

How does strength development differ between genders during adolescence?

Boys generally gain more muscle mass than girls during adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about strength in middle and older adulthood is correct?

Some older adults can maintain strength through exercise Signup and view all the answers

What must be considered when designing strength assessments?

Specify muscle group, movement, speed, and joint angle Signup and view all the answers

What primarily affects strength gains in children?

Children can increase strength through appropriate training Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change in lung function as a person ages?

Decreased efficiency in oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange Signup and view all the answers

What factor has a likely influence on the peaks in strength during development?

Cultural norms regarding physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding regarding strength and muscle size?

Strength always increases with muscle size Signup and view all the answers

How does training affect peak oxygen uptake?

It increases peak oxygen uptake, especially in sedentary adults Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following ways does strength assessment typically occur?

By considering dynamic movements and maximum resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about maximal oxygen uptake in adults is accurate?

Those active in youth generally have better maximal oxygen uptake in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the risk level for individuals with long-term diseases during physical activity?

Monitoring by parents and medical staff Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about strength is true?

It is the ability to exert force against resistance Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle mass with training during adulthood?

Muscle mass increases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of short-term infectious diseases on endurance performance?

Reduction in working capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical observation concerning sedentary adults who were active during their youth?

They show a higher maximal oxygen uptake than those inactive in youth Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes aerobic power?

The rate at which long-term oxygen demand is met Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences peak oxygen uptake (VO2) during aerobic work?

Lean body mass Signup and view all the answers

How do children compensate for having smaller stroke volumes compared to adults?

By increasing heart rates Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological change observed in adults as they age with regards to maximal oxygen uptake?

It declines approximately 1% per year after the 20s Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac output in response to exercise as adults age?

It can decline due to decreased stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of training intensity on peak oxygen uptake in children?

Sufficiently intense training improves it regardless of age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes aerobic capacity?

The total energy available for prolonged activity Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the cardiovascular structure as individuals age?

Loss of elasticity in major blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

KIN 207 Lecture 18: Development of Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Strength, & Flexibility

Lecture is about the development of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, and flexibility across the lifespan
Topics include: cardiorespiratory endurance in children, physiological response to short-term exercise, developmental changes in anaerobic performance, anaerobic performance in adulthood, anaerobic training in adulthood, physiological response to prolonged exercise, peak oxygen uptake, changes in aerobic performance during childhood, training effects in children, aerobic performance in adulthood, cardiovascular structure & function, respiratory structure & function, training programs in adulthood, strength in middle & older adulthood, strength training, flexibility, and developmental changes in flexibility.

Development of Cardio Endurance (Chapter 10)

Learning Outcomes:
- Examine how the body responds to short-term, vigorous (anaerobic) exercise and how this response changes over the lifespan
- Review the effects of short-term exercise over the lifespan
- Examine how the body responds to prolonged (aerobic) exercise and how this changes over the lifespan
- Explore effects of endurance training over the life span

Cardiorespiratory (CR) Endurance in Children

Worldwide trend toward reduced fitness
High percentage of children in Western societies have risk factors for heart disease
CR endurance reflects the ability to sustain vigorous activity
Many activities demand vigorous exertion
CR systems are related to endurance level

Physiological Response to Short-Term Exercise

During brief intense activity, oxygen reserves and energy sources are depleted
Anaerobic system contributes less and aerobic system takes over
Such activity is termed anaerobic (without oxygen)
Anaerobic power is the rate at which the body can meet demand for short-term intense activity.
Anaerobic capacity is the maximum oxygen deficit the body can tolerate

Developmental Changes in Anaerobic Performance

Anaerobic performance is related to body size, ability to metabolize fuel sources in the muscles, and quick mobilization of oxygen delivery systems
Energy reserves increase with muscle mass increases
Tolerance of by-products of metabolic process improves

Anaerobic Performance in Adulthood

Once adult body size is attained, anaerobic performance is stable
Improvement reflects training alone
In older adulthood, a loss of muscle mass and type II muscle fibers can result in declining anaerobic performance

Anaerobic Training in Adulthood

Sedentary older men undertaking high-intensity endurance training can improve anaerobic capacity
Masters athletes who undergo anaerobic or resistance training improve anaerobic performance
Resistance training is valuable

Physiological Response to Prolonged Exercise

During a prolonged period of activity, oxidative breakdown of food stores and depletion of local energy reserves occur
Aerobic power is the rate at which long-term oxygen demand is met
Aerobic capacity is the total energy available for prolonged activity
The body increases heart and respiratory rates, cardiac output, and oxygen uptake to deliver oxygen to muscles
Cardiac output can increase through increased heart rate or increased stroke volume

Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2)

Peak oxygen uptake is the highest rate oxygen can be consumed by the muscles during aerobic work
It is strongly related to lean body mass
Increases linearly throughout childhood and adolescence
Maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram of body weight is then stable in boys and declines slightly in girls

Changes in Aerobic Performance During Childhood

Children have smaller stroke volume and cardiac output, but compensate with higher heart rates
Children have lower hemoglobin concentrations
Children have an efficient system, but cannot exercise for as long as adults can
Ability to sustain exercise is related to body size and maturity level
Trained men have an advantage over trained women in late adolescence and adulthood

Training Effect in Children

Growth status and maturation level must be considered
Training intensity is important; sufficiently intense training improves peak oxygen uptake regardless of age, stage of maturation, or sex
Aerobic training yields significant improvements after puberty

Aerobic Performance in Adulthood

An adult can improve VO2 by training 3x/week for at least 20 minutes at 60-90% HRmax
Athletic and active adults maintain higher maximal oxygen uptake than do sedentary adults
Average maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram of body weight falls about 1% per year after the 20s

Cardiovascular Structure & Function

Changes occur in structure and function, including loss of cardiac muscle, loss of elasticity in cardiac muscle, thickening of the left ventricle, fibrotic changes in valves, loss of elasticity in major blood vessels, maximum achievable heart rate with exercise declines, stroke volume in some older adults declines, and cardiac output declines.

Respiratory Structure & Function

Elasticity of lung tissue declines
Vital capacity decreases, especially in smokers
Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange loses efficiency

Training Programs in Adulthood: Benefits

Peak oxygen uptake is higher in those who train
Declines are not as dramatic in training adults
Sedentary adults can improve their peak oxygen consumption and blood lipid levels with training, even in older adulthood
Muscle mass increases with training and is associated with increased muscle mass
Maximal oxygen uptake, stroke volume, and maximal cardiac output all increase
Oxygen is better extracted from blood at muscle sites and ventilation improves

Strength in Middle and Older Adulthood

Strength generally declines gradually after the 30s.
Muscle mass declines
Loss of strength may be greater than loss of muscle mass
Muscular coordination factors might be involved
Some older adults do not lose strength
Loss of strength is affected by exercise and activity levels

Strength Training

Prepubescents can increase strength with training
Adolescents and adults can increase strength and muscle mass with appropriate resistance training

Flexibility

Flexibility is the ability to move joints through a full range of motion
Flexibility can benefit sport and dance performance
Limited flexibility can be a factor in injury
Flexibility is specific to each joint

Developmental Changes in Flexibility

Infants and toddlers are very flexible
Flexibility declines in childhood
Flexible people can maintain or improve levels
Girls are generally more flexible than boys
In adolescence, flexibility can be variable; some people lose a significant degree

Flexibility in Adulthood

Adults gradually lose flexibility, especially in little-used joints and after age 50
Adults who maintain training for flexibility maintain their levels

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Description

Explore the key concepts of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, and flexibility throughout different life stages in KIN 207 Lecture 18. This lecture covers the physiological responses to exercise, developmental changes, and the impact of training programs on performance in children, adults, and older adults.