Renal Physiology Lecture 1-2

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Which of the following best describes the primary role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

Regulating blood sugar levels by secreting insulin

Stabilizing the volume and ion concentrations of the extracellular fluid (correct)

Controlling the body’s immune response to infections

Producing hormones that regulate muscle contractions

List the urinary system components.

Urinary system components include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra

Out of the urinary system components, which one is physiologically relevant?

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Kidney (correct)

Ureters

List the important functions of the kidney (hint 7)

It aids in urine production, blood filtration, metabolic waste and xenobiotics excretion, retrieves needed metabolic substances, responds to water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, gluconeogenesis and hormone production associated with systemic blood pressure, red blood cell production and calcium metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys in the body?

Producing insulin to regulate blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What does “endocrine functions of the kidney” refer to?

It refers to the production and secretion of hormones into circulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the three important hormones produced by the kidney?

The three hormones are calcitriol, renin and erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of calcitriol in response to Hypocalcemia?

Increasing calcium absorption by the intestinal epithielium Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for Vitamin D3 into its active form, calcitriol??

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What’s the function of the liver in the synthesis of calcitriol?

It converts Vitamin D3 to 25(OH)-Vitamin D3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythropoietin in the body?

Regulating erythropoiesis by promoting the proliferation and maturation of erythroid precursor cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are erythropoietin receptors primarily expressed?

On the plasma membrane of erythroid precursor cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephrons have extremely long loops of Henle critical for urine concentration, while cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle Signup and view all the answers

The glomerulus of the juxtamedullary nephron aer closer to the renal capsule, whereas the glomerulus of the cortical nephrons aer located near the cortex/medulla junction

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the five structures of the nephron?

The five structures aer the renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule and the collecting ducts Signup and view all the answers

Nephrons can’t be replaces, and are partially regenerated

True Signup and view all the answers

The (juxtamedullary/cortical) nephron’s blood supply is through the PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

The cortical nephron’s blood supply is through the peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

The (juxtamedullary/cortical) nephrons blood supply is from the efferent arterioles giving rise to the vasa recta.

The juxtamedullary nephrons blood supply is from the efferent arterioles giving rise to the vasa recta Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Filtering the blood and allowing passage of water, urea, and small solutes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main function of the proximal tubule?

Reabsorbing most filtered water and solutes like Na+, K+, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thin limbs of Henle's loop in the nephron?

Maintaining medullary hypertonicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop?

Reabsorbing Na+, K+, Cl- and generating medullary hypertonicity, while keeping water in the tubule fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Diluting the tubule fluid and reabsorbing Na+, Cl-, and divalent cations like Ca2+ and Mg2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

Dividing into cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary sections that regulate final urine composition Signup and view all the answers

What percent of the cardiac output goes to the kidney?

20-25% Signup and view all the answers

Describe the flow of the cardiac output to the kidney.

Abdominal aorta, renal artery, interlobar arteries, arcuate artery, interlobar arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles then peritubular capillaries/vasa recta Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemia?

ischemia is the interruption of blood supply to a tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is reperfusion?

It is the re-establishment of the blood flow in the tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical scenarios is least likely to involve ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Chronic hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What’s a common outcome of both ischemia and reperfusion at the cellular level?

Progression to necrosis and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Why is renal ischemia-reperfusion injury particularly concerning compared to other tissues?

Nephrons cannot be replaced and can only be partially regenerated Signup and view all the answers