Kidney Structure and Function: Dr. Nicole Flemming
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the renal system?

  • Removing carbon dioxide from the body (correct)
  • Maintaining extracellular fluid volume
  • Excreting waste products
  • Regulating blood pressure

    • The kidneys are responsible for ___ of vitamin D.

  • Activation (correct)
  • Synthesis
  • Degradation
  • Storage

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Gallbladder (correct)
  • Bladder

    • The process of ___ is carried out by the kidneys to produce urine.

    <p>Protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the renal system?

    <p>Synthesizing red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

    <p>Digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located at the medial side of the kidney?

    <p>Renal hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pyramids in the kidney?

    <p>Filled with renal tubules that empty into minor calyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the renal blood supply pathway?

    <p>Hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal fascia?

    <p>Cushions the kidney with fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the renal blood supply is TRUE?

    <p>The kidney is highly vascularized, receiving about 25% of the cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nephron receives the filtered blood from the glomerulus?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Concentrate the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron has a longer loop of Henle?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Reabsorb water and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nephron receives the unfiltered blood from the renal artery?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that allows the reabsorption of water in the nephron?

    <p>Osmotic reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the efferent arterioles in the nephron?

    <p>To regulate the flow of blood into the peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the reabsorption and secretion processes carried out by the renal tubules?

    <p>To maintain the volume and composition of the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal blood supply pathway?

    <p>To filter the blood entering the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and solutes from the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the secretion process in urine formation?

    <p>To remove unwanted substances from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures receives the filtered blood from the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the reabsorption process in urine formation?

    <p>To maintain the body's fluid and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic process of urine formation?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for the selective movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes occurs in the glomerulus?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part(s) of the nephron does reabsorption occur?

    <p>All of the above except (a)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not freely filtered into Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the plasma entering the glomerulus is filtered?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does the movement of substances occur during secretion?

    <p>From the plasma to the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

    <p>It allows the passage of water and small solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary force that drives the filtration of fluid through the glomerular membrane?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not freely filtered into Bowman's capsule during glomerular filtration?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the reabsorption and secretion processes carried out by the renal tubules?

    <p>To maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

    <p>It has three distinct layers: endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure opposes the movement of water and solutes out of the plasma and into the glomerular filtrate?

    <p>Blood colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure results from resistance to flow along the nephron and pushes water and solutes from filtrate to plasma?

    <p>Capsular hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure calculated as?

    <p>~$10$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances cannot freely move through the glomerular filtration barrier?

    <p>Protein-bound elements like calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure in the glomerulus?

    <p>Draws water from filtrate to plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element primarily contributes to maintaining a higher hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole compared to the afferent arteriole?

    <p>Glomerular hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three interacting levels of control that work together to regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) within homeostatic limits?

    <p>Blood pressure, Blood volume, Integrity of the filtration membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is more susceptible to change and plays a significant role in influencing the movement of water and solutes from filtrate to plasma in the nephron?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under physiological conditions, which two factors do not vary greatly concerning Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which daily changes can affect the GFR intrinsic and extrinsic to the kidneys according to the text?

    <p>Exercise, Coffee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial factor needs to be regulated to prevent death within days since both kidneys are affected according to the text?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Stimulating renin release from juxtaglomerular cells, leading to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular complex?

    <p>Sensing the concentration of sodium and chloride in the tubular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating GFR?

    <p>Regulating sodium and water balance by stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance?

    <p>Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Promoting the excretion of sodium and water by the kidney, reducing blood volume and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular complex?

    <p>Regulating the contraction and relaxation of the afferent and efferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance?

    <p>Stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells?

    <p>Decreased renal blood flow or decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the tubuloglomerular feedback system regulates GFR?

    <p>Adjusting the resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles based on tubular fluid composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

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