Kidney Structure and Function: Dr. Nicole Flemming

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Which of the following is NOT a function of the renal system?

Removing carbon dioxide from the body (correct)
Maintaining extracellular fluid volume
Excreting waste products
Regulating blood pressure

The kidneys are responsible for ___ of vitamin D.

Activation (correct)
Synthesis
Degradation
Storage

Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract?

Kidneys
Ureters
Gallbladder (correct)
Bladder

The process of ___ is carried out by the kidneys to produce urine.

Protein catabolism (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the renal system?

Synthesizing red blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

Digestion of food (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the medial side of the kidney?

Renal hilum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pyramids in the kidney?

Filled with renal tubules that empty into minor calyces (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the renal blood supply pathway?

Hepatic artery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal fascia?

Cushions the kidney with fat (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the renal blood supply is TRUE?

The kidney is highly vascularized, receiving about 25% of the cardiac output (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nephron?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nephron receives the filtered blood from the glomerulus?

Proximal convoluted tubule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

Concentrate the urine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nephron has a longer loop of Henle?

Juxtamedullary nephron (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorb water and ions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nephron receives the unfiltered blood from the renal artery?

Glomerulus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that allows the reabsorption of water in the nephron?

Osmotic reabsorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

Urea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the efferent arterioles in the nephron?

To regulate the flow of blood into the peritubular capillaries (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the reabsorption and secretion processes carried out by the renal tubules?

To maintain the volume and composition of the filtrate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renal blood supply pathway?

To filter the blood entering the glomerulus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

To reabsorb water and solutes from the filtrate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the secretion process in urine formation?

To remove unwanted substances from the blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures receives the filtered blood from the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the reabsorption process in urine formation?

To maintain the body's fluid and electrolyte balance (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic process of urine formation?

Excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the selective movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries?

Proximal convoluted tubule (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs in the glomerulus?

Filtration (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which part(s) of the nephron does reabsorption occur?

All of the above except (a) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is not freely filtered into Bowman's capsule?

Proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the plasma entering the glomerulus is filtered?

20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does the movement of substances occur during secretion?

From the plasma to the filtrate (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

It allows the passage of water and small solutes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary force that drives the filtration of fluid through the glomerular membrane?

Hydrostatic pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is not freely filtered into Bowman's capsule during glomerular filtration?

Proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the reabsorption and secretion processes carried out by the renal tubules?

To maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the glomerular filtration membrane is true?

It has three distinct layers: endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

To reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure opposes the movement of water and solutes out of the plasma and into the glomerular filtrate?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure results from resistance to flow along the nephron and pushes water and solutes from filtrate to plasma?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the net filtration pressure calculated as?

~$10$ mmHg (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances cannot freely move through the glomerular filtration barrier?

Protein-bound elements like calcium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure in the glomerulus?

Draws water from filtrate to plasma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What element primarily contributes to maintaining a higher hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole compared to the afferent arteriole?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three interacting levels of control that work together to regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) within homeostatic limits?

Blood pressure, Blood volume, Integrity of the filtration membrane (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is more susceptible to change and plays a significant role in influencing the movement of water and solutes from filtrate to plasma in the nephron?

Hydrostatic pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

Under physiological conditions, which two factors do not vary greatly concerning Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which daily changes can affect the GFR intrinsic and extrinsic to the kidneys according to the text?

Exercise, Coffee (C) Signup and view all the answers

What crucial factor needs to be regulated to prevent death within days since both kidneys are affected according to the text?

Blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Stimulating renin release from juxtaglomerular cells, leading to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular complex?

Sensing the concentration of sodium and chloride in the tubular filtrate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating GFR?

Regulating sodium and water balance by stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance?

Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in regulating blood pressure?

Promoting the excretion of sodium and water by the kidney, reducing blood volume and pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular complex?

Regulating the contraction and relaxation of the afferent and efferent arterioles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance?

Stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells?

Decreased renal blood flow or decreased blood pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the tubuloglomerular feedback system regulates GFR?

Adjusting the resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles based on tubular fluid composition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the kidneys?

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and producing urine.

What is the main function of the nephron?

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It's responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and secreting waste products to form urine.

What is the role of the glomerulus?

The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries within the nephron. It's where blood is filtered, allowing water and small solutes to pass through but preventing larger molecules like proteins.

What happens during filtration in the nephron?

Filtration is the process of moving water and small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, forming the filtrate.