Renal System: Structure, Function, Urine Formation

<p>Coordination of motor activity and distribution of sensory information within the spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They monitor internal conditions and relay information to the central nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to control skeletal muscle movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transmit signals to other neurons or cells through synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral white column → ventral root → spinal nerve → skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscious perception of touch and pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral gray horn of the thoracic and lumbar segments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ANS uses two motor neurons in series, while the somatic nervous system uses a single motor neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selectively allows water, ions, nutrients, and metabolic wastes to enter the capsular space based on size and charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients from filtrate back into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney, facilitating water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal control, primarily by aldosterone, which influences sodium and potassium transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water, promoting water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus, while the efferent arteriole drains blood away from it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their close proximity allows for direct hormonal interaction with renal processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zona Glomerulosa, responsible for mineralocorticoid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased secretion of cortisol, impacting glucose metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle mass, increased blood cell formation, and increased libido (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant decrease in the patient's plasma androgen levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased potassium excretion in the kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage and release of hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus by the posterior pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of endocrine cells responsible for hormone synthesis in the anterior pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Zona Fasciculata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulation of TRH receptors on the thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary, influencing TSH release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppression of GnRH release from the hypothalamus, leading to reduced LH secretion and subsequent decrease in testosterone synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical removal or radiation therapy to ablate the GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive secretion of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH–IH) from the hypothalamus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH increase → estrogen increase → LH surge → ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased negative feedback from elevated glucocorticoid levels, suppressing CRH and ACTH secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased GnRH, LH, and FSH levels due to energy deficiency and stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing FSH signaling in Sertoli cells to promote the production of factors essential for sperm maturation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lesion is within the anterior pituitary, impairing TSH synthesis or release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering GH–IH analogues to inhibit the pulsatile release of growth hormone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

Structure within the nephron consisting of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

A network of capillaries in the renal corpuscle where blood filtration occurs.

Part of the nephron where reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients occurs.

U-shaped part of the nephron that reabsorbs water and sodium-chloride ions.

Part of the nephron for active secretion of ions, drugs, and toxins.

Final segment of nephron modifying urine composition, influenced by ADH.

Byproducts like urea, creatinine, and uric acid excreted to maintain homeostasis.

Outer part of the adrenal gland that produces hormones.

Outer layer of adrenal cortex producing mineralocorticoids.

Hormones that regulate electrolyte balance; main one is aldosterone.

Principal mineralocorticoid that helps maintain sodium and potassium balance.

Middle layer of adrenal cortex, forms 78% of its volume, produces glucocorticoids.

Hormones that affect glucose metabolism; cortisol is the most important.

Main glucocorticoid hormone that increases blood glucose and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Inner layer of the adrenal cortex that produces androgens.

Inner part of the adrenal gland producing catecholamines like epinephrine.

Hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine that increase heart rate and blood pressure.

The network of capillaries connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Hormone released to stimulate thyroid gland activity in response to TRH.

A mechanism where high hormone levels reduce their production.

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids in response to CRH.

Promotes follicle maturation in females and sperm maturation in males.

Induces ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

Stimulates milk production in mammary glands during pregnancy and nursing.

Stimulates growth and replication of cells, especially muscle and cartilage.

Hormones from the hypothalamus that control the pituitary gland's hormone release.

Hormones that target male and female gonads, released in response to GnRH.

A long projection that transmits electrical signals between neurons.

Neurons with multiple dendrites and one long axon, commonly found in the CNS.

Sensory neurons with a continuous axon and dendrites, cell body pushed to one side.

Rare neurons with one dendrite and one axon, found in special sensory organs.

Afferent neurons that carry information from receptors to the CNS.

Efferent neurons that send instructions from the CNS to effectors like muscles.

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, found in the brain and spinal cord.

Type of sensory neuron that monitors the external environment.

Type of sensory neuron that monitors internal conditions within the body.

Neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.

Nerve roots containing axons of sensory neurons.

Nerve roots containing axons of motor neurons from the CNS.

Region of the spinal cord containing neuron cell bodies and gray horns.

Surrounds gray matter and contains myelinated fibers in columns.

Neuron sending signals in a synapse, containing neurotransmitter vesicles.

Neuron receiving signals in a synapse, with receptors for neurotransmitters.

Regulates involuntary body functions using two motor neurons.