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Questions and Answers
What is the structure where major calyces unite to form a larger structure that connects to the ureter?
What is the structure where major calyces unite to form a larger structure that connects to the ureter?
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Renal pelvis (correct)
- Renal pyramid
- Bowman's capsule
Which part of the nephron is responsible for further reabsorption and secretion of substances?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for further reabsorption and secretion of substances?
- Distal convoluted tubule (correct)
- Glomerulus
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
- Filtration of blood
- Reabsorption and secretion of substances (correct)
- Transport of urine to the bladder
- Formation of urine
Which part of the kidney is the inner tissue consisting of renal pyramids?
Which part of the kidney is the inner tissue consisting of renal pyramids?
What is the structure surrounding the glomerulus that receives the filtrate?
What is the structure surrounding the glomerulus that receives the filtrate?
Which part of the nephron is involved in the concentration of urine?
Which part of the nephron is involved in the concentration of urine?
What is the name of the tube-like structures that transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
What is the name of the tube-like structures that transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Where does the blood filtration process occur in the kidney?
Where does the blood filtration process occur in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta?
Which structure uses smooth muscle contractions to transport urine?
Which structure uses smooth muscle contractions to transport urine?
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
At approximately what volume of urine in the urinary bladder is the urge to void typically felt?
At approximately what volume of urine in the urinary bladder is the urge to void typically felt?
Which statement accurately describes the composition and length of the urethra in males and females?
Which statement accurately describes the composition and length of the urethra in males and females?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary functions of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary functions of the urinary system?
Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys is involved in regulating platelet formation?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys is involved in regulating platelet formation?
Which structure in the kidney is composed of the union of minor calyces?
Which structure in the kidney is composed of the union of minor calyces?
What is the primary function of the nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)?
What is the primary function of the nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)?
Which structure carries urine from many nephrons to the renal papilla?
Which structure carries urine from many nephrons to the renal papilla?
What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the kidney?
Which structure in the kidney contains the glomerulus, where blood filtration occurs?
Which structure in the kidney contains the glomerulus, where blood filtration occurs?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the kidney's collecting system?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the kidney's collecting system?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the kidney?
Which part of the nephron is involved in further reabsorption and secretion of substances after the proximal convoluted tubule?
Which part of the nephron is involved in further reabsorption and secretion of substances after the proximal convoluted tubule?
What is the primary role of the vasa recta in the kidney?
What is the primary role of the vasa recta in the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary functions of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary functions of the urinary system?
What is the typical volume of urine in the urinary bladder when the urge to void is felt?
What is the typical volume of urine in the urinary bladder when the urge to void is felt?
How do the lengths of the female and male urethras compare?
How do the lengths of the female and male urethras compare?
Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys is involved in regulating platelet formation?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys is involved in regulating platelet formation?
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
Which structure uses smooth muscle contractions to transport urine?
Which structure uses smooth muscle contractions to transport urine?
What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the kidney?
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Study Notes
Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- The kidney has a collecting system composed of minor calyces, major calyces, and the renal pelvis.
- Renal pelvis is the area where major calyces unite to form a larger structure that connects to the ureter.
- Ureters are tube-like structures that transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
- Medulla/Renal Pyramid is the inner tissue of the kidney consisting of renal pyramids.
- Cortex is the outer tissue of the kidney.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- Glomerulus is a network of capillaries where blood filtration occurs.
- Bowman's Capsule is a structure surrounding the glomerulus that receives filtrate.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is a coiled segment in the cortex where reabsorption of nutrients and water occurs.
- Nephron Loop is a U-shaped segment consisting of descending and ascending limbs that play a role in water reabsorption and concentration of urine.
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is a coiled segment in the cortex involved in further reabsorption and secretion.
- Collecting Ducts are tubes that carry urine from many nephrons to the renal papilla.
Location & Functions of Peritubular Capillaries, Vasa Recta
- Peritubular Capillaries surround cortical nephrons and are involved in reabsorption and secretion of substances.
- Vasa Recta surround the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons and play a role in creating an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption.
Urinary System Functions
- Removes metabolic wastes from blood and excretes them, while conserving valuable nutrients.
- Regulates the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids.
- Regulates blood pressure via the release of renin, an enzyme released when blood pressure or sodium levels decrease.
- Controls erythrocyte and platelet formation through the production of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.
- Indirectly regulates the absorption of calcium by converting inactive vitamin D to its active form (calcitriol) in the kidneys.
Urinary Bladder and Urethra
- The urinary bladder is composed of smooth muscle and has transitional epithelium lining.
- The urge to void is typically felt at a volume of around 150-200 mL of urine in the urinary bladder.
- The urethra is a tube of smooth muscle with transitional to stratified squamous epithelium.
- In females, the urethra is around 4 cm long, while in males, it ranges from 18-20 cm and has three parts: prostatic, membranous, and penile.
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