Kidney Infections: Pyelonephritis & Glomerulonephritis

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Questions and Answers

What laboratory result is indicative of a pyelonephritis infection?

Positive leukocyte esterase and nitrate (correct)

Presence of glucose in urine

High blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Low white blood cell count

Which intervention is most important when initiating antibiotic therapy for a client with pyelonephritis who has a catheter?

Increase fluid intake before treatment

Change the catheter before starting antibiotics (correct)

Provide pain medication during antibiotic administration

Monitor blood pressure closely during treatment

Which diagnostic test can help identify abscesses in cases of pyelonephritis?

X-ray of the chest

Blood cultures

Urinalysis

CT scan (correct)

What is an important sign of kidney function that should be monitored in a client with pyelonephritis?

Creatinine and BUN levels Signup and view all the answers

In treating pyelonephritis, which medication is primarily used for pain relief?

Acetaminophen or opioids Signup and view all the answers

What dietary assessment parameter is crucial for evaluating adequate nutrition in a client with pyelonephritis?

Albumin levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a client with pyelonephritis?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is expected to decrease as a result of effective treatment for pyelonephritis?

White blood cell count Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Inflammation of the glomeruli Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is typically associated with secondary Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might suggest a patient is experiencing fluid overload due to Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Peripheral edema Signup and view all the answers

What might be a crucial assessment question to identify potential sources of infection in a patient with suspected Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Have you experienced any skin infections? Signup and view all the answers

What time frame is typically associated with the onset of symptoms for primary Acute Glomerulonephritis after an infection?

About 10 days after infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is typically NOT associated with Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Frequent urination Signup and view all the answers

What possible complication is associated with prolonged inflammation from Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Signup and view all the answers

How can anemia be a complication of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

As a result of decreased erythropoietin production Signup and view all the answers

What daily self-management practices should a client with glomerulonephritis follow?

Measure blood pressure and weight every morning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate fluid overload in a patient with chronic glomerulonephritis?

Crackles in the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is indicative of chronic glomerulonephritis?

Elevated serum creatinine levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a known cause of chronic glomerulonephritis?

High protein intake. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential psychosocial response of clients with chronic glomerulonephritis?

Confusion and irritability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the long-term outcome for chronic glomerulonephritis?

It progresses to end-stage kidney disease. Signup and view all the answers

A fixed specific gravity of urine around 1.010 suggests what about kidney function?

Kidneys are not filtering properly. Signup and view all the answers

What dietary restriction is important for clients with glomerulonephritis?

Fluid limited to 2 liters per day. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is a sign of uremia in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis?

Flapping tremors (asterixis). Signup and view all the answers

In chronic glomerulonephritis assessment, what should be asked about urinary changes?

Increased frequency or decreased quantity of urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main criteria for selecting a candidate for kidney transplantation?

Must be medically and surgically fit for the procedure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of donor has the highest rate of graft survival?

Living donors Signup and view all the answers

How long before surgery must a patient undergo dialysis?

24 hours before surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement for a donor kidney in terms of blood type?

Must be the same blood type as the recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition that would disqualify a candidate from being eligible for kidney transplantation?

Active uncontrolled psychiatric disease Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the failed kidneys during the kidney transplantation procedure?

They are left in place unless they are causing pain or infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of human leukocyte antigen testing before transplantation?

To make sure the donor kidney matches immunologically with the recipient Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor contributes to the increase of kidney transplants?

Higher rates of living donor willingness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of continuous bladder irrigation after kidney transplantation?

To prevent blood clots from forming inside the bladder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rejection occurs within the first 48 hours post kidney transplantation?

Hyperacute rejection Signup and view all the answers

What complication of kidney transplantation may occur within 2-3 days after surgery?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common risk associated with immunosuppressive drug therapy after kidney transplantation?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of self-management education for a kidney transplant patient?

Understanding the drug regimen and diet Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary adjustment is important for kidney transplant recipients to maintain adequate nutrition?

Balanced intake of high-quality protein Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for monitoring after kidney transplantation to assess proper fluid balance?

Hourly urine output measurement Signup and view all the answers

What cardiovascular issue can result from renal artery stenosis in kidney transplant patients?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory tests are important for ongoing monitoring post kidney transplantation?

Complete blood count and blood urea nitrogen levels Signup and view all the answers

What behavior should kidney transplant recipients avoid to mitigate infection risk?

Gardening without gloves Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pyelonephritis

A kidney infection involving the renal pelvis and parenchyma
May be caused by ascending infection from the lower urinary tract or hematogenous spread
Common symptoms include fever, chills, flank pain, dysuria, frequency, and urgency
Diagnostic tests include urinalysis, urine culture, blood cultures, C-reactive protein, ESR, and imaging studies like x-rays, CT scans, or renal scans
Treatment involves antibiotics, pain management, adequate hydration, and control of blood pressure
Nursing interventions focus on monitoring kidney function, managing pain, administering antibiotics, educating the client, and ensuring sufficient fluid intake

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Immune-mediated inflammation of the glomeruli
Can be primary (post-infectious) or secondary (associated with other conditions)
Symptoms include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, fatigue, anorexia, and nausea
Assessment involves identifying potential sources of infection, assessing for edema, and monitoring for fluid overload and hypertension
Management focuses on supportive care, managing hypertension, and educating the client on self-management strategies

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Progressive disease characterized by gradual deterioration of kidney function
Often caused by infection, hypertension, vascular disease, or autoimmune disorders
Leads to glomerular scarring, reduced filtration capacity, and eventually end-stage kidney disease
Assessment involves identifying risk factors, assessing for signs of fluid overload, uremia, and psychosocial distress
Laboratory findings include elevated BUN and creatinine, fixed specific gravity, and abnormal electrolytes (hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis)
Treatment aims to slow down disease progression and manage symptoms

Kidney Transplantation

A surgical procedure involving the placement of a healthy kidney from a donor into a recipient with end-stage kidney disease
Donor options include living donors, non-heart-beating donors, and cadaveric donors
Preoperative care includes immunologic studies, dialysis, and blood transfusions
Postoperative care focuses on monitoring urine output, preventing complications like rejection, thrombosis, and renal artery stenosis, and managing immunosuppressive therapy
Long-term care involves home care management, self-management education, and access to healthcare resources

Kidney Replacement Therapies

Evaluation of outcomes includes assessing fluid and electrolyte balance, nutritional status, infection prevention, coping strategies, and management of systemic complications
Key parameters to monitor include BUN, creatinine, electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and imaging studies
Concepts related to kidney disease include fluid balance, perfusion, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, nutrition, and infection risk

Considerations Regarding Kidney Disease

Comorbidities often impact kidney disease management, such as diabetes and hypertension
Assess for changes in urination frequency and volume
Monitor fluid intake, daily weight, urinalysis, blood pressure, and edema
Evaluate heart sounds and monitor electrolytes
Educate patients about diet, medication adherence, and self-management techniques to maximize outcomes and mitigate complications.

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Description

Explore the complexities of kidney infections through this quiz, which covers both pyelonephritis and acute glomerulonephritis. Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Enhance your understanding of nursing interventions and patient management for these conditions.