Questions and Answers
___ levels are used to evaluate kidney function on the basis of the ability of the kidneys to remove nitrogenous waste (urea) from blood
Contamination with _________ may result in decomposition of urea and subsequently in decreased BUN levels
How to prevent urease producing bacteria from contaminating the urine sample and decreasing BUN levels
Dehydration results in what
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75% of the kidney must be nonfunctional before _____ levels rise
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BUN and creatinine have an inverse logarithmic relationship
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Metabolic byproduct of nitrogen catabolism and is primarily found in the liver
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Uric acid is seen in the urine of ____ dogs
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Contraindications to this test include dehydration and azotemia. Dehydrated patients risk hypovolemia and shock. They already should have maximal ADH release, if they could concentrate urine they would. Under those conditions the test is useless and dangerous especially for animals with diabetes insipidus or neurogenic diabetes insipidus. Azotemia already demonstrates kidney dysfunction, the test reveals nothing new and adds a prerenal component to the azotemia
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Can be used to estimate GFR in dogs and cats. Substance used is a radiographic agent that is given as a single intravenous dose after a 12 hour fast during which the patient has free access to water. Serum samples are to be taken at 2, 3, and 4 hours after administration then sent out to a lab
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When a prior water deprivation test has failed, a ________________ is indicated. It is simply a challenge with exogenous ADH; it focuses on the ability of the kidneys to respond. Urine osmolarity or specific gravity is the index of function
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Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) is usually the reciprocal of serum calcium. Initially, renal damage that alters the GFR leads to ________ urinary Pi and _______ serum Pi
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Study Notes
Evaluating Kidney Function
- ___ levels are used to evaluate kidney function based on the ability to remove nitrogenous waste (urea) from blood
- Contamination with urease-producing bacteria may result in decomposition of urea, subsequently decreasing BUN levels
- To prevent urease-producing bacteria from contaminating the urine sample and decreasing BUN levels, proper handling and storage techniques are essential
BUN Levels
- Dehydration results in increased BUN levels
- 75% of the kidney must be nonfunctional before BUN levels rise
- BUN and creatinine have an inverse logarithmic relationship
Urea and Nitrogen Catabolism
- Urea is a metabolic byproduct of nitrogen catabolism and is primarily found in the liver
- Uric acid is seen in the urine of Dalmatian dogs
Contraindications and Precautions
- Contraindications to this test include dehydration and azotemia
- Dehydrated patients risk hypovolemia and shock, making the test useless and dangerous, especially for animals with diabetes insipidus or neurogenic diabetes insipidus
- Azotemia already demonstrates kidney dysfunction, so the test reveals nothing new and adds a prerenal component to the azotemia
Estimating GFR
- GFR can be estimated in dogs and cats using a radiographic agent given as a single intravenous dose after a 12-hour fast during which the patient has free access to water
- Serum samples are taken at 2, 3, and 4 hours after administration and sent to a lab for analysis
ADH Challenge
- A water deprivation test may be indicated when a prior test has failed
- An ADH challenge focuses on the ability of the kidneys to respond and is assessed by urine osmolarity or specific gravity
Serum Phosphorus and Calcium
- Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) is usually the reciprocal of serum calcium
- Initially, renal damage that alters the GFR leads to increased urinary Pi and decreased serum Pi
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Description
kidney function
