Kidney Function and Hormonal Regulation Quiz

<p>ANP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote calcium reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtering blood and excreting toxic metabolic wastes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By regulating blood volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descending thin limb of the nephron loop (A), Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of glucose from amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroperitoneal and covered by connective tissue layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>99% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Net hydrostatic and osmotic pressures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>125 mL/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary storage of urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch receptors in the bladder wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal urethral sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angled forward and shorter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic neurons stimulate bladder contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows for expansion of the bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-2 L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oliguria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95% water, 5% solutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dark yellow color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5-8.0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeable to water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They connect to the vasa recta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal convoluted tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enables filtration of blood plasma while restricting larger anions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Length of loops of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It repels large anions and plasma proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical nephrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood volume, pressure, and electrolytes. They also produce hormones, detoxify substances, and synthesize glucose.

Metabolic waste products containing nitrogen, like ammonia, urea, and uric acid, that the body needs to eliminate.

The liver converts ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein breakdown) into urea, a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste.

Kidneys are located behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal) and are protected by three connective tissue layers: fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and renal fascia.

Waste products produced by the body's processes.

The bladder wall has three layers:

1. Mucosa: Transitional epithelium and lamina propria.
2. Muscularis Externa: Thick detrusor muscle with three layers of smooth muscle.
3. Adventitia: Connective tissue.

The thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder wall responsible for contracting and expelling urine.

A triangular region inside the bladder marked by openings of the ureters and urethra. It's prone to infections.

Two sphincters control urine flow:

1. Internal sphincter: Smooth muscle, involuntary control.
2. External sphincter: Skeletal muscle, voluntary control.

Stretch receptors in the bladder wall send signals to the spinal cord when the bladder fills up (around 200mL), initiating the urge to urinate.

Parasympathetic nerves activate the detrusor muscle to contract, squeezing out urine, while the internal sphincter relaxes, allowing urine to flow.

The lining of the urethra is mainly pseudostratified columnar epithelium, transitioning to stratified squamous near the external opening.

The female urethra is shorter and angled forward, contributing to urinary continence.

The male urethra is longer and has three sections: prostatic, membranous, and spongy.

The urethra is a muscular tube responsible for transporting urine from the bladder to the outside.

The pressure gradient responsible for pushing fluid out of the glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule. It is primarily driven by blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) in the capillaries, which is higher than in the capsular space.

The rate at which fluid is filtered from the blood into Bowman's capsule per minute. It reflects the overall kidney function and is crucial for maintaining proper excretion of waste products and maintaining fluid balance.

A segment of the nephron where most of the filtered water and solutes are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in maintaining blood volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pH.

This part of the nephron loop is permeable to water but impermeable to most solutes. This allows water to move passively out of the tubule, concentrating the filtrate.

This final segment of the nephron fine-tunes water and solute reabsorption under hormonal control. It helps to adjust urine concentration and volume.

The collecting duct plays a key role in water conservation by concentrating urine. It allows water to pass out of the urine, making it more concentrated. This is due to the highly permeable nature of the medulla.

Aldosterone is a hormone that increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to a reduction in urine volume. This helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, PTH increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, helping to restore normal levels.

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) is released by the heart when blood pressure is high. It promotes sodium and water secretion, leading to more dilute urine and lower blood pressure.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. When present, it increases water reabsorption, leading to concentrated urine. When absent, water reabsorption is reduced, resulting in dilute urine.

The portion of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland. Can become constricted due to prostatic hypertrophy, leading to urinary retention.

The short, narrow portion of the urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm.

The longest portion of the urethra, passing through the penis, surrounded by erectile tissue.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. Each kidney contains about 1.2 million nephrons.

The nephron performs three primary functions: filtration (removing waste from blood), reabsorption (taking back useful substances), and secretion (adding waste products to urine).

The initial filtering structure of the nephron, composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. It filters blood plasma.

A network of capillaries within the renal corpuscle where filtration occurs. Blood is forced through tiny pores.

A double-layered structure that surrounds the glomerulus, capturing the filtered fluid.

The system of tubules that convert the glomerular filtrate into urine. It is divided into four parts: PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, and collecting duct.

A three-layered structure that filters blood in the glomerulus: the fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.

Specialized cells that form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, wrapping around the capillaries and creating filtration slits.

The first part of the renal tubule where most reabsorption occurs. It has a long, coiled structure with microvilli.

The U-shaped part of the renal tubule that extends into the medulla. It is divided into descending and ascending limbs with thick and thin segments.

The segment of the renal tubule where fine-tuning of reabsorption occurs, and where secretion of unwanted substances takes place.

The terminal part of the nephron that receives fluid from multiple DCTs. It merges with other collecting ducts to form the papillary duct.

The route urine takes from the kidneys to the outside: Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra.

A circular band of smooth muscle at the bladder's opening to the urethra, preventing urine backflow.

Indicates a high concentration of solutes in urine, usually due to dehydration.

A pigment in urine that gives it a yellow color, produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

High levels of red blood cells in urine, indicating possible bleeding in the urinary tract.

A measure of the concentration of solutes in urine, indicating its density relative to water.

Urine output of less than 500 mL per day, indicating potential kidney problems or dehydration.

The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste product is completely removed in one minute.