46 Questions
What percentage of cases of terminal renal failure are attributed to Glomerulonephritis?
1/3
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous antigen that can cause Glomerulonephritis?
Group A β-haemolytic Strep
What is the primary mechanism of glomerular damage in Glomerulonephritis?
In situ formation of immune complex
What is the term used to describe the kidney as the predominant organ involved in Glomerulonephritis?
Primary
What is the term used to describe the inflammatory response in Glomerulonephritis, characterized by hypercellularity, basement membrane thickening, and hyalinisation and sclerosis?
Secondary mechanisms
Which of the following is NOT a principal function of the kidney?
Maintaining blood pressure
What is the primary cause of glomerular capillary damage in kidney diseases?
Immune complexes deposition
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with renal tract disease?
Fever
What is the result of severe damage to all four structures of the kidney?
Chronic renal diseases
Which part of the kidney is most sensitive to immune reactions?
Glomerular capillary
What is the definition of nephritis?
Inflammation of any part of the kidney
What is the primary characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
Severe proteinuria
What is the result of increased catabolism of protein in the kidney in nephrotic syndrome?
Hypoalbuminaemia
What is the primary goal of management in acute nephritic syndrome?
Supportive measures until spontaneous recovery
What is the effect of hypoalbuminaemia on plasma oncotic pressure?
Decreases plasma oncotic pressure
What is the result of increased synthesis of lipid protein in the liver in nephrotic syndrome?
Hyperlipidaemia
What is the primary reason for oedema in nephrotic syndrome?
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
What is the primary indication for dialysis in chronic renal failure?
Hyperkalaemia (> 6.5 mmol/L)
Which of the following is a characteristic of anaemia in chronic renal failure?
Normochromic, normocytic
What is the common underlying mechanism of electrolyte and acid-base disorders in chronic renal failure?
Impaired renal function
Which of the following is a common complication of chronic renal failure?
Renal osteodystrophy
What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?
Hypertension
Which of the following kidney structures is most prone to immunological damage?
Glomeruli
The kidneys' principal function is only to eliminate waste materials.
False
Nephritis is a disease that only affects the renal tubule system.
False
Severe damage to only one of the kidney's structures can lead to chronic renal disease.
False
Dysuria is not a symptom of renal tract disease.
False
The interstitium is resistant to toxic and infectious agents.
False
Renal failure is a disease that only affects the glomeruli.
False
Glomerulonephritis is a term that refers to a bilateral, asymmetrical injury to the glomerulus
False
Primary Glomerulonephritis involves systemic diseases with glomerular involvement
False
In situ formation of immune complexes is a mechanism of glomerular damage in Glomerulonephritis
True
Acute nephritic syndrome is a characteristic of chronic renal failure
False
Group A β-haemolytic Strep is an example of an endogenous antigen that can cause Glomerulonephritis
False
Acute nephritic syndrome is characterized by severe proteinuria and generally leads to chronic kidney dysfunction.
False
In nephrotic syndrome, there is a decreased synthesis of lipid protein in the liver.
False
The primary goal of management in acute nephritic syndrome is to reduce proteinuria.
False
In acute nephritic syndrome, the glomeruli are hypocellular.
False
Hyperkalaemia is typically treated with nephrotoxic drugs.
False
Oedema in nephrotic syndrome is primarily due to hypervolemia.
False
Chronic renal failure is commonly caused by kidney stones.
False
Acute renal failure is a common complication of acute nephritic syndrome.
True
Renal osteodystrophy is a complication of chronic renal failure that is caused by EPO deficiency.
False
The interstitium is the most prone to immunological damage in the kidney.
True
Severe metabolic acidosis is defined as a pH of 4.0 mmol/L.
False
Dialysis is indicated for patients with a pH of 40 mmol/L.
False
Study Notes
- Kidney diseases can be associated with abnormalities of the glomerular capillary or the renal tubule system.
- The kidney's principal function includes eliminating waste materials, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and endocrine function.
- Symptoms suggesting renal tract disease include dysuria, haematuria, urinary retention, alteration of urine volume, and pain situated along the renal tract.
- Diseases of the kidney can be classified into four categories: glomeruli (immunologically mediated), tubules (toxic/infectious agents), interstitium (toxic/infectious agents), and blood vessels (damage to blood supply).
- Severe damage to all four structures can lead to chronic renal diseases and renal failure.
- Nephritis is the inflammation of any part of the kidney, including glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and pyelonephritis.
- Glomerulonephritis is a general term for a group of disorders characterized by bilateral, symmetrical immunologically mediated injury to the glomerulus, accounting for 1/3 cases of terminal renal failure.
- Glomerulonephritis can be primary (kidney is the predominant organ involved) or secondary (systemic diseases with glomerular involvement).
- The pathology of acute nephritic syndrome includes diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, characterized by hypercellular glomeruli.
- Management of acute nephritic syndrome includes supportive measures until spontaneous recovery, hypertension management, fluid balance monitoring, and management of life-threatening complications.
- Clinical features of acute nephritic syndrome include haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, oedema, oliguria, and uraemia.
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by severe proteinuria, leading to chronic kidney dysfunction, and is often caused by GBM damage, loss of electrostatic and physical barriers.
- Diagnostic investigations for nephrotic syndrome include proteinuria (>3.5g/24 h in adults), hyperlipidaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, and oliguria.
- Acute renal failure treatment involves correcting reversible underlying factors, treating hyperkalaemia, and dialysis, with indications including hyperkalaemia, severe metabolic acidosis, and uraemic syndrome.
- Chronic renal failure is often associated with haematological and metabolic complications, including anaemia, renal osteodystrophy, electrolyte/acid-base disorders, and hyperkalaemia.
Test your knowledge of kidney diseases, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics. This quiz covers nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and renal failure, and is ideal for students of medicine or healthcare professionals. Learn about the kidney's principal functions and how they are affected by these diseases. Evaluate your understanding of the common signs and symptoms of renal tract diseases.
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