Kidney Anatomy: Distal and Collecting Tubules
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Kidney Anatomy: Distal and Collecting Tubules

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the urinary bladder is located cranially?

  • Body
  • Vertex (correct)
  • Neck
  • Base

    • What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the urinary bladder?

  • Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • Columnar epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium (correct)
  • Simple squamous epithelium

    • What is the function of the median vesical ligament in the fetus?

  • Supports the urinary bladder
  • Houses the umbilical arteries
  • Serves as a conduit for urine
  • Contains the urachus (correct)

    • How many cell layers are typically seen in the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Three cell layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscular layer of the urinary bladder is composed of circular muscle fibers?

    <p>Intermediate layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epithelium of the bladder when it is empty?

    <p>It forms irregular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the lamina propria in the bladder?

    <p>Highly vascularized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure collapses at birth and forms the round ligaments?

    <p>Umbilical arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of principal cells in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Regulate sodium and water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

    <p>They possess more and larger microvilli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aquaporin-2 channels in principal cells?

    <p>Allow water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does urine from the collecting ducts ultimately empty?

    <p>Into the renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the connecting tubule and collecting duct is accurate?

    <p>Cells from neighbouring segments intermix in the connecting tubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the function of podocytes in the glomerulus with age-related changes?

    <p>They tend to become less effective in filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of principal cells?

    <p>Maintain acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the structure of the renal pelvis characterized by transitional epithelium?

    <p>To allow stretching as urine collects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the glomerulus is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow?

    <p>Intraglomerular mesangial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the filtration slits formed by podocytes?

    <p>To permit only water and small molecules to pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells line the outer layer of Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Parietal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a filtration barrier in the glomerulus?

    <p>Glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of juxtaglomerular cells?

    <p>To secrete renin and regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to podocytes as a person ages?

    <p>They undergo degeneration and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glomerular endothelial cells?

    <p>Flat cells with large fenestrations allowing selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are classified as specialized epithelial cells covering the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Tubule

    • The distal convoluted tubule transitions gradually into the cortical collecting duct, and the connecting tubule is not clearly defined due to cell intermingling
    • Two distinct cell types are present in the collecting tubules: principal cells (majority) and intercalated cells (minority)
    • Principal cells are responsible for water reabsorption and are responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
      • They have fewer and smaller microvilli
      • They express aquaporin-2 channels
      • They have channels and transporters for sodium and water reabsorption
    • Intercalated cells regulate acid-base balance by secreting H+ and K+
      • They have more and larger microvilli
      • They do not respond to ADH
      • They do not express aquaporin-2 channels
      • They have channels and transporters for hydrogen ion and potassium secretion

    Renal Papilla

    • The renal papilla is the site where urine in the collecting ducts empties into the renal pelvis
    • The renal pelvis is the initial dilated portion of the ureter

    Urinary Bladder

    • The urinary bladder is a musculo-membranous organ with varying size and shape depending on urine content
    • The bladder has three main parts:
      • Apex (cranial)
      • Body
      • Neck (continuous with urethra)
    • The median and lateral vesical ligaments attach the urinary bladder to the pelvic cavity
      • The median ligament contains the urachus in the fetus, and collapses at birth
      • The lateral ligaments contain the umbilical arteries in the fetus, and collapse at birth to form the round ligaments

    Urinary Bladder Histology

    • The bladder wall has three layers:
      • Mucosa: lined by transitional epithelium with three cell layers
        • Cuboidal basal cells
        • Intermediate cells
        • Superficial cells
      • Muscularis: three layers with connective tissue separating muscle fiber bundles
        • Innermost and outermost layers: longitudinal muscle fibers
        • Intermediate layer: circular muscle fibers
      • Serosa: formed by the visceral peritoneum

    Urethra

    • Glomerulus Composition:
      • Glomerular Endothelial Cells:
        • Fenestrated capillaries with large, flat cells and large round fenestrations
      • Podocytes (Glomerular Epithelial Cells):
        • Cover the outer surface of the glomerular basement membrane
        • Have pedicels (finger-like projections) that form filtration slits
      • Intraglomerular Mesangial Cells:
        • Contractile cells located in the glomerulus center
        • Support glomerular capillaries and regulate blood flow
      • Parietal Epithelial Cells:
        • Line the outer layer of Bowman's capsule
        • Continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule

    Filtration Barrier

    • The filtration barrier consists of:
      • Fenestrated endothelium
      • Glomerular basement membrane
      • Glomerular visceral epithelium (podocyte pedicels)

    Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

    • Located at the vascular pole of the glomerulus
    • Has two components:
      • Vascular Component:
        • Juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole terminal portion
        • Modified smooth muscle cells that release renin
        • Extend processes into the efferent arteriole initial portion
      • Tubular Component:
        • Macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule
        • Specialized epithelial cells that sense sodium concentration in the tubular fluid
      • Function: regulate blood pressure and filtration rate

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubules in the kidney. It highlights the roles of principal and intercalated cells, focusing on their functions in water reabsorption and acid-base balance. Test your knowledge on kidney anatomy and physiology!

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