Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
Newton's Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy due to position; gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Sound Waves: Longitudinal waves requiring a medium; speed varies with temperature and medium.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation; ΔU = Q - W.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance (V = IR).
Magnetic Fields: Area around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted; influenced by electric currents.
Electromagnetic Induction: Generation of electric current from changing magnetic fields.

Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; speed of light is constant in all inertial frames.
General Relativity: Gravitational force results from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit properties of both waves and particles.
Uncertainty Principle: Position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely known at the same time.
Quantum States: Describes the probabilities of finding a particle in a particular configuration.

SI Units: Standard units of measurement; includes meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity).
Significant Figures: Reflect the precision of measurements; rules for determining the number of significant figures in calculations.

These concepts form the foundation of physics, providing insights into how energy, matter, and the universe interact.

Gravitational Force: Causes attraction between masses; crucial for the motion of celestial bodies.
Electromagnetic Force: Operates among charged particles; essential for phenomena including electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Facilitates processes like radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.
Strong Nuclear Force: Maintains the stability of atomic nuclei by holding protons and neutrons together.

Newton's First Law: An object remains in its current state (at rest or in motion) unless influenced by an external net force.
Newton's Second Law: Describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration using the formula F = ma.
Newton's Third Law: States that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, highlighting interactions between objects.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy associated with the motion of an object; calculated using KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to an object's position; gravitational potential energy expressed as PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Principle asserting that energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Wave Properties: Key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Sound Waves: These longitudinal waves require a medium to travel through; their speed varies depending on the temperature and type of medium.

Zeroth Law: Establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium; if two systems are in equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Expresses the conservation of energy within a system with the relation ΔU = Q - W, where U is internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done.
Second Law: States that the entropy of an isolated system will always increase, indicating that heat transfer occurs from hot to cold objects.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal also approaches zero.

Ohm's Law: Defines the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) with the equation V = IR.
Magnetic Fields: Areas surrounding magnets where magnetic forces occur; these fields can be altered by the presence of electric currents.
Electromagnetic Induction: Refers to the creation of an electric current due to changing magnetic fields.

Special Relativity: Introduces the concept that time and space are relative, with the speed of light being constant across all inertial frames of reference.
General Relativity: Explains gravity as a result of the warping of spacetime due to the presence of mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Describes how particles, such as electrons, display characteristics of both waves and particles.
Uncertainty Principle: States that it is impossible to simultaneously know both the exact position and momentum of a particle.
Quantum States: Provides a framework to understand the probabilities associated with finding a particle in a specific state or configuration.

SI Units: Internationally recognized units of measurement; includes meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity).
Significant Figures: Indicate the precision of measurements, with specific rules governing how to determine significant figures for calculations.