Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force
- Attraction between masses.
- Governs the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies.
Electromagnetic Force
- Acts between charged particles.
- Responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Strong Nuclear Force
- Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
- Operates over very short ranges.
Weak Nuclear Force
- Responsible for radioactive decay and nuclear processes.
- Plays a crucial role in nuclear fusion.

Newton's First Law (Inertia)
- An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law (F=ma)
- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction)
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE)
- Energy of motion: KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE)
- Energy stored due to position: PE = mgh, where m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height.
Conservation of Energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy is conserved; change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done by the system.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter bodies.

Wave Properties
- Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
- Types: mechanical (sound) vs. electromagnetic (light).
Reflection and Refraction
- Reflection: bouncing of waves off surfaces.
- Refraction: bending of waves when passing between different media.

Ohm's Law
- Voltage = Current × Resistance (V = IR).
Magnetic Fields
- Created by moving charges; affect other charges and currents.
Electromagnetic Induction
- Changing magnetic fields induce electric currents.

Theory of Relativity
- Special Relativity: Time dilation and length contraction at high speeds.
- General Relativity: Gravity as the curvature of spacetime.
Quantum Mechanics
- Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key principles: wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle.

Atoms
- Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons.
Periodic Table
- Organizes elements based on atomic number and properties.

Physics principles are foundational in engineering, technology, environmental science, and medical fields.

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs celestial motions like planetary orbits.
Electromagnetic Force: Interacts between charged particles; responsible for phenomena including electricity, light, and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in nuclei; effective only at short distances.
Weak Nuclear Force: Drives radioactive decay; essential for nuclear fusion processes.

Newton's First Law (Inertia): Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless influenced by an external force.
Newton's Second Law (F=ma): Acceleration is dependent on net force and inversely related to mass; forms the basis of dynamics.
Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction; fundamental in understanding interactions.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy associated with motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv² (mass x velocity squared).
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on position, represented as PE = mgh (mass x gravity x height).
Conservation of Energy: Energy transformation occurs; total energy remains constant in a closed system.

First Law of Thermodynamics: States that energy is conserved; internal energy change equals heat added minus work done.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy, or disorder, increases in an isolated system; heat transfer is not spontaneous from cold to hot systems.

Wave Properties: Defined by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; includes mechanical waves (sound) and electromagnetic waves (light).
Reflection and Refraction: Reflection involves waves bouncing off surfaces; refraction is the bending of waves entering different mediums.

Ohm's Law: Expresses the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance: V = IR.
Magnetic Fields: Formed by moving electric charges, influencing other charges and currents within the field.
Electromagnetic Induction: A change in magnetic field induces an electric current, fundamental in generators and transformers.

Theory of Relativity: Encompasses Special Relativity (time dilation, length contraction at velocities near light) and General Relativity (gravity as spacetime curvature).
Quantum Mechanics: Explains atomic and subatomic activities; key ideas include wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.

Atoms: Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons; atomic number defines element identity whereas mass number accounts for total nucleons.
Periodic Table: Arranges elements by atomic number; reflects trends in chemical properties and reactivity.

Physics principles underpin advancements in engineering, technology, and fields such as environmental science and medicine, highlighting their significance in practical scenarios.