Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force
- Attraction between masses.
- Governs the motion of planets and celestial bodies.
Electromagnetic Force
- Interaction between charged particles.
- Responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Strong Nuclear Force
- Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
- Short-range force, strong but only effective at nuclear scales.
Weak Nuclear Force
- Responsible for radioactive decay and nuclear fusion.
- Short-range force, plays a key role in particle interactions.

Newton's First Law (Inertia)
- An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law (F=ma)
- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction)
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE)
- Energy of an object in motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv² where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE)
- Energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, e.g., gravitational potential energy given by PE = mgh (where h is height above ground).
Conservation of Energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy in a closed system is constant; energy can be transformed but not created.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Entropy of an isolated system always increases; processes occur in the direction of increasing entropy.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
- As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties
- Wavelength, frequency, speed, amplitude.
- Types of waves: mechanical (require medium), electromagnetic (can travel through a vacuum).
Sound Waves
- Longitudinal waves; propagation through compressions and rarefactions.
Light Waves
- Electromagnetic waves; behavior described by reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

Special Relativity
- Laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames; speed of light is constant.
- Time dilation and length contraction occur at high speeds.
General Relativity
- Gravity is the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Quantum Mechanics
- Describes the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key principles: wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantization of energy.
Important Concepts
- Superposition, entanglement, and quantized states.

Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects with mass. It governs the motion of planets and celestial bodies.
Electromagnetism is the force between charged particles. It governs electricity, magnetism, and light.
Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. It is a short-range force but very strong at nuclear scales.
Weak Nuclear Force governs radioactive decay and nuclear fusion processes. It plays a key role in particle interactions and is also a short-range force.

Newton's First Law (Inertia): Objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion continue in motion at a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law (F=ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of motion. It is calculated as KE = 1/2 mv² where m is the object's mass and v is its velocity.
Potential Energy (PE) is stored energy due to an object's position or configuration. For example, gravitational potential energy is given by PE = mgh where h is the height above ground.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy in a closed system remains constant, but it can be transformed between different forms.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy, a measure of disorder, always increases in an isolated system. Processes naturally move towards greater entropy.
Third Law of Thermodynamics: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Waves are characterized by properties such as wavelength, frequency, speed, and amplitude. Waves can be mechanical (requiring a medium) or electromagnetic (traveling through a vacuum).
Sound Waves are longitudinal waves that propagate through compressions and rarefactions.
Light Waves are electromagnetic waves that exhibit behaviors like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

Special Relativity: The laws of physics are the same for all observers in inertial frames, and the speed of light is constant for all observers. Key concepts include time dilation and length contraction at high speeds.
General Relativity: Gravity is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Quantum Mechanics: Describes the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels. Key principles include wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and the quantization of energy.
Important Concepts in Quantum Physics: Superposition, entanglement, and quantized states.