Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attractive force between masses; described by Newton's law of gravitation and Einstein's theory of general relativity.
Electromagnetic Force: Force between charged particles; described by Coulomb's law and governed by electric and magnetic fields.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions; plays a role in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei; operates at short ranges.

Newton’s First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton’s Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma); describes the relationship between an object's motion and the forces acting on it.
Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work (W): Defined as the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force (W = F * d * cos(θ)).
Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position, such as gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms (ΔU = Q - W).
Second Law: Energy conversions are not 100% efficient; entropy in a closed system tends to increase.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength (λ): Distance between successive peaks of a wave.
- Frequency (f): Number of waves passing a point per second; related to wave speed (v = fλ).
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).

Ohm’s Law: V = IR (voltage = current × resistance).
Circuit Components: Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and power sources.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; described by Ampere's and Faraday's laws.

Special Relativity: Describes the physics of objects moving at constant speeds, particularly at speeds close to the speed of light; introduces concepts like time dilation and length contraction.
General Relativity: Explains gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Uncertainty Principle: There are fundamental limits to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties can be known simultaneously (e.g., position and momentum).

These notes cover essential topics in physics, providing a foundation for further study and understanding of the subject.

Gravitational Force: Attracts masses; explained by Newton's law of gravitation and Einstein's general relativity.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; described by Coulomb's law, influenced by electric and magnetic fields.
Weak Nuclear Force: Governs radioactive decay, neutrino interactions, and is crucial in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, effective at very short distances.

Newton’s First Law: Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force.
Newton’s Second Law: Force (F) is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) expressed as F = ma.
Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work (W): Calculated as the product of force and displacement (W = F * d * cos(θ)).
Kinetic Energy (KE): Represents energy due to motion, defined as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Energy due to an object’s position, such as gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Energy is always conserved; it can only change forms, not be created or destroyed.

First Law: Energy conservation expressed as ΔU = Q - W, where U is internal energy, Q is heat, and W is work.
Second Law: Energy conversions are inherently inefficient; entropy in a closed system increases over time.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength (λ): Distance between consecutive peaks in a wave.
- Frequency (f): Number of waves passing a point per second, linked by wave speed (v = fλ).
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium to propagate, such as sound waves.
- Electromagnetic Waves: Can travel without a medium; examples include light waves.

Ohm’s Law: Defines the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) as V = IR.
Circuit Components: Include resistors, capacitors, inductors, and power sources, each serving vital functions in circuits.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving charges, explained by Ampere's and Faraday's laws.

Special Relativity: Addresses physics of objects at constant speeds approaching light speed, introducing time dilation and length contraction.
General Relativity: Interprets gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass distribution.

Wave-Particle Duality: Phenomenon where particles demonstrate both wave-like and particle-like characteristics.
Uncertainty Principle: Indicates fundamental limits in simultaneous measurement of certain pairs of properties, like position and momentum.