Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs motion of celestial bodies.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The force acting on an object equals its mass times acceleration.
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position, commonly gravitational (PE = mgh).
Thermal Energy: Associated with the temperature of an object; results from the motion of particles.
Chemical Energy: Stored in the bonds of chemical compounds.

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum remains constant.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound waves).

First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Electric Fields: Region around charged objects where other charges experience a force.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; can exert forces on other moving charges.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; includes concepts of time dilation and length contraction.
- General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime due to mass.
Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; incorporates principles like wave-particle duality and uncertainty.

SI Units: Standard units of measurement (e.g., meter for length, kilogram for mass, second for time).
Dimensional Analysis: Technique for checking the consistency of equations by comparing dimensions.

Engineering: Application of physical principles to design structures and systems.
Medicine: Utilizes physics in imaging technologies (e.g., MRI, X-rays).
Technology: All modern technology is based on physical principles (e.g., electronics, telecommunications).

Gravitational Force: The force of attraction between masses, crucial for the motion of planets and other celestial objects.
Electromagnetic Force: A force that acts between charged particles, essential for the phenomena of electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: A fundamental force responsible for processes such as radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.
Strong Nuclear Force: The powerful force that keeps protons and neutrons bound together in atomic nuclei.

First Law (Inertia): Objects remain in their state of rest or uniform motion unless influenced by an external net force.
Second Law (F=ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Third Law: Every action results in an equal and opposite reaction, highlighting the mutual interactions between forces.

Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion, expressed mathematically as KE = 1/2 mv² (where m is mass and v is velocity).
Potential Energy: The stored energy associated with an object's position, primarily represented by gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh, where h is height).
Thermal Energy: The energy related to the temperature of an object, arising from the kinetic motion of its particles.
Chemical Energy: Energy stored in the molecular bonds of compounds, released during chemical reactions.

Conservation of Energy: The principle stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it transforms from one form to another.
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum remains unchanged over time, regardless of the interactions occurring.

Wave Properties: Characterized by key elements: wavelength (distance between peaks), frequency (number of waves passing a point per second), amplitude (height of wave), and speed (rate at which wave travels).
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Waves where particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel, e.g., light waves.
- Longitudinal Waves: Waves in which particles move in the same direction as the wave, exemplified by sound waves.

First Law: Represents the conservation of energy principle, stating that energy is conserved in all transformations.
Second Law: Indicates that the entropy of an isolated system always increases; energy naturally flows from areas of higher to lower temperature.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero, suggesting a lack of molecular motion.

Electric Fields: The surrounding area around charged objects, within which other charges experience a force.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving electric charges, influencing other charges in motion.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The complete range of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from low-energy radio waves to high-energy gamma rays.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Proposes that measurements of time and space are relative to the observer's motion, introducing concepts like time dilation and length contraction.
- General Relativity: Illustrates gravity as the curvature of spacetime, caused by the presence of mass.
Quantum Mechanics: The study of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels, encompassing phenomena like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.

SI Units: The internationally accepted standard units for measurement, including meters (length), kilograms (mass), and seconds (time).
Dimensional Analysis: A method for validating the consistency of equations by examining the dimensional units on both sides.

Engineering: The practical application of physics to create and design infrastructure, machinery, and technology.
Medicine: Utilizes principles of physics for various imaging technologies, including MRI and X-ray systems.
Technology: All technological advancements, such as electronics and telecommunications, are based on fundamental physical principles.