Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay; plays a role in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a net external force.
Second Law (F=ma): Force equals mass times acceleration; defines the relationship between motion and forces.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy due to position; gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel.
Sound: Longitudinal wave that requires a medium; speed depends on the medium.

Nature of Light: Exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality).
Reflection: Bouncing of light off surfaces; governed by the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes between different media; described by Snell's law.

Electric Charge: Fundamental property; like charges repel, opposite charges attract.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance); relates voltage, current, and resistance in circuits.
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; interact with other magnets and moving charges.

Relativity: Einstein's theories of special and general relativity revolutionized concepts of time and space.
Quantum Mechanics: Governs behavior at atomic and subatomic levels; introduces concepts like quantization and uncertainty principle.

Engineering: Application of physical principles to design and build structures, machines, and systems.
Technology: Development of electronics, telecommunications, and various modern devices.
Astronomy: Understanding celestial phenomena and the laws governing the universe.

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses, crucial for planetary motion and orbits.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; underlies electricity, magnetism, and chemical bonding.
Weak Nuclear Force: Facilitates radioactive decay and plays a significant role in nuclear reactions and particle interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Essential for binding protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, overcoming the repulsive electromagnetic force between protons.

First Law (Inertia): Objects will maintain their state of motion or rest unless influenced by an external force; emphasizes the concept of inertia.
Second Law (F=ma): Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration; foundational for understanding how forces influence object motion.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every force has an equal and opposite reaction, highlighting the interaction between objects.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Defined by the formula KE = 1/2 mv²; indicates the energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on an object's position; gravitational potential energy calculated as PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

First Law: Reinforces conservation of energy; energy transfer occurs but total energy remains constant.
Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system always increases; describes the natural tendency towards disorder and heat flow.
Third Law: As temperature nears absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum, implicating states of order in quantum systems.

Wave Properties: Key characteristics include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; essential for understanding wave phenomena.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations occur perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations happen parallel to the wave direction (e.g., sound waves).
Sound: A longitudinal wave needing a medium to travel through, influenced by the medium's density and elasticity affecting speed.

Nature of Light: Displays dual characteristics of both waves and particles; fundamental in explaining optical phenomena.
Reflection: Happens when light bounces off surfaces; the incidence angle equals the reflection angle (law of reflection).
Refraction: The bending of light when passing through different media, characterized by Snell's law relating angles and refractive indices.

Electric Charge: A basic property of matter, leading to attraction and repulsion between charged entities; fundamental for electrical phenomena.
Ohm's Law: V = IR connects voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R); central to circuit analysis and electrical engineering.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving electric charges and affect other magnets and charged particles; critical in electromagnetism applications.

Relativity: Einstein's theories redefine the understanding of space and time; special relativity deals with uniform motion, while general relativity addresses gravity's effect on the fabric of spacetime.
Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior at atomic levels with principles such as quantization and the uncertainty principle; pivotal for understanding atomic and subatomic structures.

Engineering: Utilizes physics principles for designing and constructing buildings, machinery, and infrastructure.
Technology: Drives the development of electronics, telecommunications, and various modern technological advancements.
Astronomy: Provides insights into celestial events and governs the laws of the universe, aiding in the exploration of cosmic phenomena.