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What is the process by which a drug enters the circulatory system?
What is the process by which a drug enters the circulatory system?
What does ADME stand for?
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
Intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial administration routes require absorption.
Intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial administration routes require absorption.
False
What is the term for the strength by which a chemical messenger binds to its receptor?
What is the term for the strength by which a chemical messenger binds to its receptor?
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What type of drug mimics the action of a neurotransmitter at a receptor site?
What type of drug mimics the action of a neurotransmitter at a receptor site?
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An allergen is a substance that normally causes a hypersensitive reaction.
An allergen is a substance that normally causes a hypersensitive reaction.
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What is the term for a severe allergic reaction characterized by respiratory distress and vascular collapse?
What is the term for a severe allergic reaction characterized by respiratory distress and vascular collapse?
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Which of the following describes the property of a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a neurotransmitter or another drug at a receptor site?
Which of the following describes the property of a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a neurotransmitter or another drug at a receptor site?
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What is the term for a foreign substance that can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies?
What is the term for a foreign substance that can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies?
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Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a drug becomes available to the target tissue after administration.
Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a drug becomes available to the target tissue after administration.
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What is the name of the barrier that protects the central nervous system from many substances in the bloodstream?
What is the name of the barrier that protects the central nervous system from many substances in the bloodstream?
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The ceiling effect describes the point at which no further clinical response occurs with increased dosage.
The ceiling effect describes the point at which no further clinical response occurs with increased dosage.
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What is the term for the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time?
What is the term for the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time?
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Which of the following describes a condition or disease for which a drug may be harmful?
Which of the following describes a condition or disease for which a drug may be harmful?
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Dependence occurs when the body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug.
Dependence occurs when the body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug.
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What is the term for the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues?
What is the term for the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues?
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A loading dose is the amount of a drug administered to rapidly achieve a therapeutic level in the blood.
A loading dose is the amount of a drug administered to rapidly achieve a therapeutic level in the blood.
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Which of the following describes the use of a drug for purposes other than those prescribed?
Which of the following describes the use of a drug for purposes other than those prescribed?
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What is the term for a change in the action of a drug caused by another drug, food, or substance?
What is the term for a change in the action of a drug caused by another drug, food, or substance?
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What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects?
What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects?
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Antagonism describes a drug interaction where one drug negates the action of another.
Antagonism describes a drug interaction where one drug negates the action of another.
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What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
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Enzymes, nucleic acids, receptors, and transport proteins are all examples of specific molecules that drugs can combine with.
Enzymes, nucleic acids, receptors, and transport proteins are all examples of specific molecules that drugs can combine with.
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What is the term for the length of time a drug gives the desired response?
What is the term for the length of time a drug gives the desired response?
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Elimination is the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds.
Elimination is the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds.
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Which of the following describes the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching full body circulation?
Which of the following describes the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching full body circulation?
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What is the term for the time it takes for the body to eliminate half of a drug from the blood?
What is the term for the time it takes for the body to eliminate half of a drug from the blood?
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stability in the internal environment of the body.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stability in the internal environment of the body.
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What is the term for the process by which a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes involved in drug metabolism?
What is the term for the process by which a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes involved in drug metabolism?
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Inhibition refers to the process by which a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug.
Inhibition refers to the process by which a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug.
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What is the term for the amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to maintain a therapeutic level in the blood?
What is the term for the amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to maintain a therapeutic level in the blood?
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A metabolic pathway is a sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite.
A metabolic pathway is a sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite.
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What is the term for the top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood?
What is the term for the top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood?
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Pharmacokinetic modeling describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination mathematically.
Pharmacokinetic modeling describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination mathematically.
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What is the term for the property of a cell receptor that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger?
What is the term for the property of a cell receptor that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger?
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A side effect is the desired action of a drug in the treatment of a disease.
A side effect is the desired action of a drug in the treatment of a disease.
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What is the term for the ability of a drug to dissolve in body fluids?
What is the term for the ability of a drug to dissolve in body fluids?
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The therapeutic range is the amount of a drug in the blood that produces the desired effect.
The therapeutic range is the amount of a drug in the blood that produces the desired effect.
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What is the term for a decrease in response to the effects of a drug with continued administration?
What is the term for a decrease in response to the effects of a drug with continued administration?
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A trough is the lowest level of a drug in the blood.
A trough is the lowest level of a drug in the blood.
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What is the term for the mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered?
What is the term for the mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered?
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Wheals are slightly elevated, red areas on the surface of the body.
Wheals are slightly elevated, red areas on the surface of the body.
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Which of the following describes drugs for which the rate of elimination is not concentration-dependent?
Which of the following describes drugs for which the rate of elimination is not concentration-dependent?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Pharmacology
- Absorption: Process of a drug entering the circulatory system (blood).
- Intravenous (IV) and Intra-Arterial Administration: Drug administration routes that bypass the absorption step.
- ADME (Pharmacokinetic Process): The overarching process encompassing Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of a drug.
- Addiction: Drug dependence characterized by the need to take a drug for psychological and physical effects.
- Affinity: Natural attraction representing the strength of a chemical messenger binding to its receptor site.
- Agonist: Drug mimicking a neurotransmitter's action at a receptor site.
- Allergen: Harmless substance triggering an abnormal, hypersensitive reaction.
- Allergic Response: Abnormal reaction to a harmless substance, often involving the immune system.
- Anaphylactic Reaction: Severe, life-threatening allergic response, including respiratory distress and shock.
- Angioedema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in tissues.
- Antagonist: Drug opposing the action of another substance or neurotransmitter at a receptor site.
- Antigen: Foreign substance triggering an immune response and antibody production.
- Bioavailability: Proportion of a drug available to the target site after administration.
- Blood-Brain Barrier: Protective barrier preventing many substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid.
- Ceiling Effect: Point where increasing drug dosage yields no further response.
- Clearance: Rate of drug elimination from a specific blood volume per time unit.
- Contraindication: Medical condition where a drug is harmful or not beneficial.
- Dependence: Physiological and psychological adaptation to a drug, requiring the drug to function.
- Distribution: Drug movement from blood to body tissues and fluids, ultimately to the site of action.
- Dose: Quantity of a drug administered at one time.
- Drug Abuse: Non-prescribed or excessive drug use, often linked to addiction.
- Drug Interaction: Effects of one drug altering another drug, food, or substance.
- Drug Interaction (Addition): Combined drug effect equals the sum of individual drug effects.
- Drug Interaction (Antagonism): One drug counteracts the effect of another.
- Drug Interaction (Potentiation): One drug enhances another's effect, making the combined effect greater than the sum.
- Drug Interaction (Synergism): Combined drug effect is greater and more intense than the individual effects.
- Enzymes, Nucleic Acids, Receptors, Transport Proteins: Specific body molecules influenced by drugs.
- Duration of Action: Time a drug's desired effect is present.
- Elimination: Removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body.
- First-Order Elimination: Drug elimination rate is dependent on drug concentration.
- First-Pass Effect: Drug metabolism by the liver before systemic circulation, potentially reducing bioavailability.
- Half-Life: Time to eliminate half of a drug from the body.
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of internal body stability.
- Induction: Drug increasing the concentration of enzymes affecting other drug responses.
- Inhibition: Drug blocking enzyme activity, potentially impairing the metabolism of another drug.
- Interaction: Change in drug action caused by another substance.
- Lipid: Fatty molecule crucial for cell membranes, generally water-repellent; important for drug absorption & distribution.
- Local Effect: Drug action limited to a specific body part.
- Loading Dose: Initial dose to rapidly bring drug concentration to a therapeutic level.
- Maintenance Dose: Regular dose to keep drug concentration at a therapeutic level.
- Metabolic Pathway: Series of chemical steps converting a drug into a metabolite.
- Metabolism: Chemical conversion of drugs into other compounds in the body.
- Metabolite: Substance produced by the body's chemical conversion of a drug.
- Peak: Highest drug concentration in the blood.
- Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Mathematical description of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
- Pharmacokinetics: Drug activity within the body over time.
- Prophylaxis: Drug's disease-preventing effect.
- Pruritus: Itching sensation.
- Receptor: Protein on or within a cell recognizing specific molecules, triggering cellular effects.
- Receptor Characteristics: Receptors are protein molecules, varying across cell types, located on or inside cells, requiring complementary structure to bind messengers, playing vital roles in many body functions, including clotting, muscle contraction & protection against injury or infection and being highly specific.
- Side Effect: Unintended response to a drug, distinct from its primary therapeutic action.
- Solubility: Drug's ability to dissolve in body fluids.
- Specificity: Receptor binding property allowing interaction only with specific substances.
- Systemic Effect: Generalized drug effect on the entire body.
- Therapeutic Effect: Desired drug action treating a specific condition.
- Therapeutic Level: Drug concentration yielding beneficial effects, often achieved using loading doses.
- Therapeutic Range: Drug dosage range offering optimal efficacy and safety.
- Tolerance: Reduced response to a drug's effects with continued use.
- Trough: Lowest drug concentration in the blood.
- Urticaria: Hives; itching skin rash.
- Volume of Distribution: Relationship between drug amount administered and resulting blood concentration.
- Wheals: Elevated, red areas on the skin.
- Zero-Order Elimination: Drug elimination rate independent of drug concentration.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in pharmacology, including drug absorption, administration routes, and the pharmacokinetic process known as ADME. It also explores the definitions of addiction, affinity, agonists, allergens, and allergic responses. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in the study of drugs and their effects on the body.
