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Key Concepts in Language Learning and Teaching
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Key Concepts in Language Learning and Teaching

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Questions and Answers

What is diglossia?

  • The ability to switch between two unrelated languages.
  • The use of different languages in a community for various purposes.
  • The adaptation of language to fit social norms.
  • The use of two varieties of the same language in different contexts. (correct)

    • What does differential performance refer to?

  • The impact of community support on language acquisition.
  • Differences in proficiency among additional language learners. (correct)
  • Variations in cultural understanding among language learners.
  • Struggles faced by learners in a multilingual classroom.

    • What characterizes explicit instruction?

  • It leaves room for interpretation to encourage critical thinking.
  • It is primarily based on peer interaction and collaboration.
  • It clearly expresses communication and focuses attention on the learning object. (correct)
  • It relies heavily on student exploration and discovery.

    • Which approach is used to critically analyze texts?

    <p>Discourse analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of emergent bilingualism in the classroom?

    <p>To promote the use of both the first language and additional language in early education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is environmental print?

    <p>Text that appears in everyday life, such as logos and product names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does expository text primarily contain?

    <p>Facts and information intended to inform the reader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the ethnography of speaking framework developed by Dell Hymes?

    <p>The examination of communication in the context of social and cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the input hypothesis suggest about language acquisition?

    <p>Learners acquire language when exposed to comprehensible input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is integrative motivation primarily driven by?

    <p>Interest in the culture and people of the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an intensive reading program?

    <p>Thoroughly reading texts until understanding is achieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does intercultural communication involve?

    <p>Interactions influenced by differing cultural conventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as interference in language learning?

    <p>Imposing first language patterns onto the additional language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term interlanguage refer to?

    <p>A learner’s developing language system with first and additional language characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are interlingual errors primarily caused?

    <p>By the differences between the first and additional languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the language acquisition device (LAD) according to theory?

    <p>A theoretical construct that enables language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monolingual classroom?

    <p>A classroom where only one language is used for teaching and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'morpheme' refer to?

    <p>The smallest unit of meaning in language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes multilingualism?

    <p>The ability of a speaker to communicate in more than two languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural order hypothesis about language acquisition?

    <p>Grammar rules are acquired in a specific order that may differ from teaching order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does negative transfer refer to in language learning?

    <p>The influence of the first language that leads to errors in the additional language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes observable behavior?

    <p>Actions that can be seen, such as talking or gesturing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of norms in language development?

    <p>They refer to expected skill levels based on widespread data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does overgeneralization mean in language learning?

    <p>Application of specific rules in all contexts regardless of appropriateness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phonemic awareness refer to?

    <p>Recognizing phonemes as part of a word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach explicitly teaches sound-symbol correspondences?

    <p>Phonics instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes plurilingualism?

    <p>Continuous use of language repertoires for specific purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary language of a child?

    <p>The language learned first and used most regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pragmatics study?

    <p>How language is used in context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of principled eclecticism in teaching?

    <p>Combining various teaching techniques for a planned outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phonemic segmentation?

    <p>Breaking words into their phoneme components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parallel processing mode involve during reading?

    <p>Simultaneous decoding and comprehension of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is subtractive bilingualism?

    <p>Learning an additional language at the expense of the first language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does summative assessment measure?

    <p>Overall competence at the end of a year or qualification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of transitional stage in learning?

    <p>Moving from learning to read to reading to learn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'validity' refer to in assessments?

    <p>The accuracy of the test in measuring the intended construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Universal Grammar (UG)?

    <p>The innate principles of grammar applicable across all languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vocabulary knowledge encompass?

    <p>Knowledge of words and multiword units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does syntax dictate in a language?

    <p>The way words are combined to form sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do top-down processes function in reading?

    <p>Utilizing prior knowledge to interpret text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts in Language Learning and Teaching

    • Diglossia: Use of high and low varieties of the same language in distinct contexts within a speech community, typically by the same speakers.
    • Differential performance: Variations in proficiency levels among learners of additional languages.
    • Direct testing: Assessment tasks that require learners to demonstrate specific skills directly, such as writing a paragraph.
    • Discourse analysis: Critical evaluation of texts through various approaches to understand communication within social contexts.
    • Eclecticism: Combining different teaching techniques or methodologies for lesson planning and delivery.
    • Emergent bilingualism: Simultaneous use of a child's first and additional languages in early educational settings.
    • Emergent literacy: Initial knowledge and awareness of reading and writing skills in young children.
    • Encoding: Combining phonemes to generate meaning in words.
    • Environmental print: Everyday printed text found in logos and product names, important for literacy development.
    • Epistemological: Connected to the study of knowledge and the limits of human understanding, focusing on justified beliefs.
    • Error: A misstep in language usage indicative of a learner's lack of mastery in specific language aspects.
    • Ethnography of speaking: Framework developed by Dell Hymes to analyze communication within cultural and social contexts.

    Teaching Strategies and Approaches

    • Explicit instruction: Clearly articulated teaching that ensures understanding of learning objectives.
    • Expository texts: Informational writing that presents facts and data.
    • Extensive reading program: Encourages learners to read a broad range of texts for comprehension.
    • Input hypothesis: Theory that language acquisition occurs through exposure to comprehensible input.
    • Instrumental motivation: Learners engage with a language to achieve specific goals, like employment or education.
    • Integrative motivation: Desire to connect with a culture or community through language learning.
    • Intensive reading program: Focused reading approach that emphasizes deep understanding of each text.
    • Interactive reading: Collaborative reading experience between adult and child that promotes engagement.

    Language Development and Communication

    • Intercultural communication: Interaction influenced by diverse cultural norms and practices.
    • Interference: The influence of a learner's first language on their use of a second language, often leading to errors.
    • Interlanguage: Transitional language stage where elements from both the first and additional languages coexist.
    • Language acquisition device (LAD): Chomsky’s theory positing an innate mechanism for language learning development.
    • Monolingual classroom: A learning environment focused exclusively on one language for instruction.
    • Morpheme: The smallest units of meaning in language; e.g., “unkind” contains "un-" and "kind."
    • Morphology: Study of word formation and structure.
    • Motivation: The driving force behind a learner's desire to engage with language learning.

    Assessment and Error Management

    • Multilingualism: Ability to communicate in more than two languages.
    • Norm: Typical skill level expected based on age or developmental milestones.
    • Norm-referenced testing: Assessment that compares a learner's performance to that of peers.
    • Opaque orthography: Written language lacking consistent spelling-to-sound correspondence.
    • Overgeneralisation: Misapplication of learned language rules in incorrect contexts.
    • Overt errors: Clearly identifiable mistakes, such as grammar errors.
    • Performance: Real-world application of language skills, often imperfect.
    • Phonemic awareness: Recognition of the phonetic components that comprise words.

    Cognitive and Literacy Development

    • Parallel processing mode: Simultaneous decoding and comprehension during reading.
    • Phonological awareness: Ability to identify and manipulate sound structures in language.
    • Plurilingualism: Capacity to use multiple languages for varied communicative purposes, not focused solely on fluency.
    • Pragmatics: Analysis of language use within context, focusing on effective communication strategies.
    • Summative assessment: Comprehensive evaluation of skills at the conclusion of a period or course.
    • Syntax: Structural rules governing the arrangement of words into sentences.

    Broader Theoretical Frameworks

    • Theory: A collection of statements explaining natural phenomena, capable of making predictions.
    • Transformative function of literacy: Literacy's role in shaping knowledge and perspectives.
    • Transitional stage: Shift from learning to read to utilizing reading for acquiring knowledge.
    • Translanguaging: Intentional switching between languages in educational settings to facilitate learning.
    • Universal Grammar (UG): Chomsky's concept describing innate grammatical principles applicable to all languages.
    • Validity: The degree to which a test accurately measures the intended construct, influencing the interpretation of results.

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    Description

    This quiz explores essential concepts in language learning and teaching, focusing on various methodologies, assessments, and linguistic phenomena. Topics include diglossia, discourse analysis, and emergent literacy. Test your knowledge on how these elements play a role in effective language education.

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