Key Concepts in Chemistry

Definition of Chemistry: The study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

Organic Chemistry:
- Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.
- Includes hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry:
- Focuses on inorganic compounds, including metals, minerals, and organometallics.
- Explores coordination compounds and catalysis.
Physical Chemistry:
- Examines the physical properties and behaviors of chemical systems.
- Merges principles of physics and chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry:
- Involves analyzing substances to determine their composition and structure.
- Techniques include chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry:
- Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
- Focus on biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Atoms: Basic units of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules: Groups of two or more atoms bonded together.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic Bonds: Pooling of electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.
Chemical Reactions:
- Process where substances (reactants) change to form new substances (products).
- Types of reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.

Organized by increasing atomic number.
Groups (columns) exhibit similar chemical properties (e.g., alkali metals, halogens).
Periods (rows) show trends in properties across the table.

Solid: Defined shape and volume; particles closely packed.
Liquid: Defined volume, takes the shape of its container; particles are less tightly packed.
Gas: No defined shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.
Plasma: Ionized gas with free electrons; commonly found in stars.

Atomic Theory: Matter is composed of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Avogadro's Law: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules.

Titration: Technique to determine concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.
Chromatography: Method for separating mixtures based on different affinities of substances to a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy: Analysis of light spectra emitted or absorbed by substances.

Pharmaceuticals: Development of medications and vaccines.
Agriculture: Creation of fertilizers and pesticides.
Environment: Analysis of pollutants and development of sustainable processes.
Materials Science: Design of new materials, including polymers and nanomaterials.

Chemistry studies matter, its properties, structure, and transformations during chemical reactions.

Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon compounds, including hydrocarbons and derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry: Deals with inorganic compounds such as metals, minerals, and organometallics; includes coordination compounds and catalysis.
Physical Chemistry: Investigates physical properties and behaviors of chemical systems, integrating physics and chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry: Analyzes substances to determine their composition and structure using techniques like chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry: Examines chemical processes in living organisms, focusing on biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Atoms: The smallest units of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules: Formed by groups of two or more bonded atoms.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Involve electron transfer resulting in charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic Bonds: Involves a communal sharing of electrons in a metal lattice.
Chemical Reactions: Transform reactants into new products, with types including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.

Structured by increasing atomic number; groups share similar chemical properties while periods reveal property trends.

Solid: Maintains a definite shape and volume with closely packed particles.
Liquid: Has a defined volume that conforms to its container shape with loosely packed particles.
Gas: Lacks definite shape and volume; particles are far apart and move freely.
Plasma: An ionized gas with free electrons, commonly found in stars.

Atomic Theory: Asserts that matter consists of indivisible and indestructible atoms.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass remains constant; it’s neither created nor destroyed during chemical reactions.
Avogadro's Law: States that equal volumes of gases at identical temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

Titration: Determines the concentration of a solution by reaction with a standard solution.
Chromatography: Separates mixtures based on different affinities to a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy: Analyzes spectra of light emitted or absorbed by chemicals.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for safety.
Familiarity with the location of safety equipment, including eyewash stations and fire extinguishers, is crucial.
Understanding Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) is important for safe chemical usage.

Pharmaceuticals: Involves the development of medications and vaccines.
Agriculture: Engages in creating fertilizers and pesticides.
Environment: Focuses on pollutant analysis and sustainable process development.
Materials Science: Involves designing new materials like polymers and nanomaterials.