Chemistry Properties and Concepts Quiz

Grade 9 Science Exam Review 2025

• This review covers the topics of chemistry and ecology, focusing on exam material for 2025.

Chemistry

• WHMIS Symbols: Used to identify and communicate hazards of various materials in a workplace setting.
  • Different symbols represent different types of hazards (e.g., flammable, explosive, corrosive).
  • WHMIS is a legal requirement for safety.
• Quantitative Properties: Describes properties of matter measurable and expressed as numerical values.
  • Viscosity: How fast an object can flow.
  • Adhesion: Strength of attraction between different particles.
  • Cohesion: Strength of attraction between similar particles.
  • Boiling point: Temperature to become a vapor.
  • Melting point: Temperature to change state to a liquid.
  • Solubility: Ability of a substance to dissolve into another.
  • Hardness: Resistance to being scratched or dented.
  • Conductivity: Ability to allow electric current to pass through.
  • Density: Mass per unit volume of a substance.
• Qualitative Properties: Describes the qualities or characteristics of matter, but these are not measured as numerical values.
  • Color, smell, taste, state (solid, liquid, gas), texture, clarity, luster, flexibility, ductility, malleability are specific examples.
• Chemical Properties: Characteristics that describe how a substance reacts with other substances.
  • Reactivity with air: How a substance interacts with air.
  • Reactivity with water: How a substance interacts with water.
  • Stability: How long a substance lasts.
  • Reactivity with other substances: How a substance reacts with other substances.
  • Reactivity with acid: How a substance reacts with acid.
  • Toxicity: Harmfulness of a substance.
  • Common changes that may occur in a reaction: Changes in color, changes in temperature (absorb/release heat), and formation of gas(bubbles or fumes).
• What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It makes up all physical substances in the universe. Matter is composed of atoms and molecules (basic building blocks).
• The Particle Theory of Matter: All matter consists of tiny atoms, atoms have space between them, colder temperatures make atoms move slower, and atoms are always attracted to each other
• Elements and Compounds:
  • Element: A pure substance made of one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
    • Examples: oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), gold (Au)
  • Compound: A substance formed by combining multiple types of atoms in fixed ratios. Can be broken down into simpler substances.
    • Examples: Water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sodium chloride (NaCl)
• Pure Substances and Mixtures:
  • Pure substance: Made of only one single type of particle (element or compound). Has consistent properties throughout.
    • Cannot be separated into other substances by physical means.
  • Mixture: Contains two or more different substances not chemically bonded together. Properties vary and can be separated by physical means.
• Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures:
  • Homogeneous mixture: Components evenly distributed throughout, and looks the same throughout, and uniform in composition.
    • Examples: Saltwater, air.
  • Heterogeneous mixture: Components not evenly distributed and visible as different parts/phases or layers.
  • Examples: Salad, sand and water.
• Atom and Molecule:
  • Atom: Smallest unit of an element that consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Molecule: Group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. Can be the same or different elements.
• Matter Classification: Matter can be classified into pure substances (compounds and elements) and mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous).
• Atoms and the Periodic Table: Elements are organized on the periodic table based on their atomic structure and properties. Each element has a unique atomic number, representing the number of protons.
• Anatomy of an Atom: Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons; electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
  • Each component has a relative mass and an electric charge.
• History of the Atom: Different scientists' models and discoveries, including Dalton's solid sphere model Dalton (1808), Thomson's plum pudding model (1897), Rutherford's nuclear model (1911), and Bohr's model (1913).
• Development of the Atom: Description of how the understanding of atomic structure has evolved.
• The Periodic Table: A tabular arrangement of all known chemical elements, organized by atomic number and properties.
• Ionic Compounds: Formed by combining metals and non-metals. Possess high melting and boiling points, solubility in water, and conductivity.
• Molecular Compounds: Formed by combinations of nonmetals. Have low melting and boiling points, poor conductivity, and less water solubility.
• Covalent Bonds: Bonds formed when atoms share electrons.
• How to Calculate: Find protons (equal to the atomic number), then subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass to calculate the neutrons. Electrons are equal to the atomic number.
• How to Draw Atoms: Basic steps for diagrams of atoms including the correct placement of particles.
• Ecology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with their environment.
  • Ecosystem Components: Includes biotic factors (living) and abiotic factors (non-living).
    • Biotic: Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
    • Abiotic: Water, sunlight, air, temperature, soil.
  • Levels of Organization: Species, population, community, ecosystem, biome
  • Habitats and Niches: Habitat is the organism's location, niche describes its role and function in an ecosystem.
  • Earth's Spheres: Lithosphere (solid earth), atmosphere (gases), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (life).
  • Producers and Consumers: Producers make their own food, consumers eat other organisms. This encompasses different consumer levels along the food chain.
    • Examples: producers (plants, algae); primary consumers (herbivores- grasshoppers, rabbits); secondary consumers (frogs, snakes); tertiary consumers (predators at the top of the food chain- eagles, sharks)
  • Types of Consumers: herbivores (eat plants), carnivores (eat animals), omnivores (eat both plants and animals), scavengers (eat dead animals), decomposers (break down organic matter and waste).
  • Interactions: Competition, predation, symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).
  • Ways to Measure Biodiversity: Methods to quantify the variety of life in an area.
  • Ecosystem Types: Aquatic and terrestrial.
  • Carbon Cycle: The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, living organisms, and the earth.
  • Nitrogen Cycle: The movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, living organisms, and the earth.
• Electricity: The flow of electric charges.
  • Methods of Charging a Neutral Object: Charging by friction and charging by contact.
  • Laws of Electric Charges: Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
  • Electrostatic Series: Organized list of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons, allowing prediction of charge after friction.
  • Grounding: Connecting an object to the earth to neutralize excess charge.
  • Electrical Discharge: Sudden flow of electric charges between objects due to a difference in charge (e.g., lightning).
  • Ohmic Resistors: Resistors that follow Ohm's Law (V=IR).
  • Analogy (visual): Visual representations of the concept of electric current analogy to flow of water.
  • Conductors and Insulators: Conductors allow electric current to flow easily, insulators do not.
  • Circuits(symbols): Illustrations of electric components and circuit elements in a diagram (wire, resistor, lightbulb, cell, battery, switch, ammeter, voltmeter)
  • Extra part for circuits (Ammeter & Voltmeter): Ammeter measures current in series, Voltmeter measures voltage in parallel.
  • Static electricity basics: The build-up of electric charge on the surface of an object.
  • Comparison of Series and Parallel Circuits: Describes characteristics, comparisons of series and parallel layouts of circuits.
  • Ohm's Law: A relationship that describes how electrical current relates to voltage and resistance (V=IR).
  • Current, Voltage, and Resistance: Explaining what these terms individually and how they correlate.