30 Questions
What is the process by which the LDL receptor with its bound LDL particle is taken into the cell?
Endocytosis
What happens to the cholesterol esters inside the cell during the lysosomal digestion process?
They are converted to free cholesterol
What are the two main things the cell can do with the free cholesterol released within it?
Store it as cholesterol esters and use it
How does the cell's cholesterol level affect its synthesis of cholesterol and LDL receptors?
It inhibits cholesterol synthesis and reduces LDL receptor synthesis
What is the name of the genetic condition described in the text?
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia)
What are the two main types of individuals affected by Familial hypercholesterolaemia?
Homozygotes and heterozygotes
What is the main characteristic of Familial hypercholesterolaemia?
Elevated levels of LDL and cholesterol in the plasma
How do the development of atherosclerosis differ between homozygotes and heterozygotes of Familial hypercholesterolaemia?
Homozygotes develop extensive atherosclerosis early in life, while heterozygotes develop it later in life
What is the main cause of the elevated LDL and cholesterol levels in Familial hypercholesterolaemia?
Decreased LDL receptor activity
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the LDL receptor pathway described in the text?
The free cholesterol is excreted from the cell
What are the three ketone bodies produced in the body?
Acetoacetate, Beta-hydroxybutyrate, Acetones
From which molecules are Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate synthesized in the liver?
Acetyl-CoA
What may high concentrations of Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma cause?
Ketoacidosis
How is Acetone excreted from the body?
Via the lungs
What is the primary function of lipoproteins in the body?
Transport lipids
Where do most albumin-bound fatty acids come from?
Adipose tissue
What is the typical concentration of blood fatty acids under normal conditions?
~3mM
During which conditions are ketone bodies typically produced in the body?
Low food intake
'Ketonuria' refers to the excretion of ketone bodies in which bodily fluid?
Urine
What is one property of ketone bodies that allows for high plasma concentrations?
Water-solubility
What is the primary function of lipoproteins in the body?
To transport lipids in the bloodstream
Which of the following statements about apoproteins is correct?
They are involved in the activation of enzymes and recognition of cell surface receptors.
According to the Fredrickson classification, which type of hyperlipoproteinemia is associated with a defective LDL receptor?
Type IIa
What is the primary function of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase?
To remove the core triglycerides from lipoprotein particles
Which of the following statements about LDL metabolism is correct?
Tissues obtain cholesterol from LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Which type of hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by raised chylomicrons and VLDL in the fasting plasma?
Type V
What is the primary function of the enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)?
To convert cholesterol to cholesterol esters
Which type of hyperlipoproteinemia is caused by a defective apoprotein E?
Type III
What is the primary treatment approach for hyperlipoproteinemia?
Diet and lifestyle modification, statins, and bile salt sequestrants
Which of the following statements about primary and secondary dyslipoproteinemias is correct?
Secondary dyslipoproteinemias are acquired as a result of diet, drugs, or an underlying disease.
Explore the three ketone bodies produced in the body during periods of low food intake, such as fasting, starvation, and intensive exercise. Learn about Acetoacetate, Beta-hydroxybutyrate, and Acetone, which are water-soluble molecules synthesized in the liver from fatty acids.
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