Kennel Cough in Dogs

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most common clinical sign associated with uncomplicated kennel cough?

  • Loss of appetite and labored breathing
  • A productive cough with purulent nasal discharge
  • A cough that sounds like a "goose honk" (correct)
  • Fever and listlessness

Which diagnostic method is considered the gold standard for identifying Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) in dogs?

  • Fecal examination to rule out other infections
  • ELISA and Serology testing
  • PCR testing of fecal samples (correct)
  • Blood smear examination

What is the primary route of transmission for Canine Coronavirus (CCoV)?

  • Fecal-oral route (correct)
  • Airborne droplets from coughing dogs
  • Vector transmission via mosquitoes
  • Direct contact with respiratory secretions

Which statement accurately describes the difference between Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) and SARS-CoV-2?

<p>CCoV causes gastrointestinal disease in dogs, while SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the human respiratory system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most reliable clinical sign in animals affected by rabies?

<p>Acute behavioral changes and unexplained progressive paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is early diagnosis and prevention particularly crucial for Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) in environments with high dog density, such as kennels and shelters?

<p>To reduce morbidity, especially in puppies and immunocompromised dogs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of CAV-2 in the prevention of kennel cough?

<p>It offers cross-protection against CAV-1, another cause of respiratory disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why puppies are more susceptible to severe symptoms from Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) compared to adult dogs?

<p>Puppies have developing immune systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of kennel cough treatment, when are antibiotics typically recommended?

<p>Only when a bacterial cause is confirmed by culture and sensitivity tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the use of anti-diarrheal medications like Loperamide (Imodium) in treating Canine Coronavirus (CCoV)?

<p>They should be used cautiously and under veterinary supervision to manage diarrhea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of supportive care in managing Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) infections?

<p>To manage symptoms, prevent dehydration, and support the dog’s immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preventative measure is most effective in controlling the spread of Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) in multi-dog environments like kennels and shelters?

<p>Strict hygiene, sanitation, and biosecurity measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how Ehrlichia canis is transmitted to dogs?

<p>Through the bite of an infected brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should dogs previously infected with Babesia not be used for breeding?

<p>To prevent vertical transmission of the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does a tick typically need to be attached to a dog to transmit the bacteria that causes Lyme disease?

<p>One to two days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the recommendation for bi-annual revaccination against kennel cough in dogs at high risk?

<p>To ensure continuous protection in environments with high exposure risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics may not significantly reduce B. bronchiseptica numbers in the distal trachea when treating kennel cough?

<p>Systemic antibiotics may not reach effective concentrations in the lower airways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important consideration when initiating trimethoprim-sulfa drugs for treating conditions associated with kennel cough?

<p>Performing a Schirmer tear test beforehand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does stress play with kennel cough?

<p>Stress may contribute to a relapse during convalescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between the acute and chronic phases of canine ehrlichiosis?

<p>The acute phase involves fever and respiratory distress, while the chronic phase involves lameness and bleeding episodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead a veterinarian to suspect kennel cough in a dog?

<p>Sudden development of a characteristic cough 7 days after being boarded at a kennel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dog diagnosed with kennel cough, which clinical sign would be most concerning and suggest progression to bronchopneumonia?

<p>Purulent nasal discharge and labored breathing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use thoracic radiographs in the diagnosis of kennel cough?

<p>To determine the severity of the disease and exclude other causes of coughing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an oral or injectable antibiotic not eliminate B. bronchiseptica from the lower airways in dogs with kennel cough?

<p>The antibiotics may not reach high enough concentrations in the distal trachea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is aerosolized antibiotic administration most likely to be considered as a treatment for kennel cough?

<p>In severely affected dogs that do not respond to parenteral antibiotics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is intranasal vaccination considered advantageous for kennel cough prevention?

<p>It stimulates local immunity where the natural infection would occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of modified-live virus vaccines containing Distemper, Parainfluenza, and CAV-2 in kennel cough prevention?

<p>To stimulate an immune response against common viral causes of kennel cough and offer cross-protection against CAV-1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important difference between CCoV and SARS-CoV-2 in terms of their effects on different species?

<p>CCoV causes gastrointestinal issues in dogs, while SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the human respiratory system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of environments like kennels and shelters contributes most significantly to the spread of CCoV?

<p>High dog density and close contact among animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are puppies at a higher risk of severe symptoms from CCoV compared to adult dogs?

<p>Puppies often have poorly-developed immune systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which CCoV is transmitted among dogs?

<p>Through the fecal-oral route. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following diagnosis of CCoV, what is the MOST important aspect of treatment?

<p>Supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does biosecurity play in preventing and controlling CCoV outbreaks in kennels and breeding facilities?

<p>It focuses on eradicating the virus from the environment through disinfection and hygiene practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is immunofluorescence microscopy preferred over other methods for diagnosing rabies?

<p>It allows direct visual observation of the antigen-antibody reaction in brain tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is assessment of rabies risk crucial following animal exposure?

<p>Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of ticks in the transmission of canine ehrlichiosis?

<p>Ticks serve as vectors, transmitting the bacteria from one dog to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of canine ehrlichiosis might a dog appear clinically normal while still harboring the disease?

<p>Subclinical phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is canine babesiosis transmitted to dogs?

<p>Through the bite of infected ticks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do regular tick preventatives and environmental management play in preventing canine babesiosis?

<p>They reduce the risk of tick bites, thereby preventing transmission of the parasite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Lyme disease known as 'The Great Imitator'?

<p>Its symptoms can mimic many other diseases, making diagnosis challenging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to perform a Schirmer tear test before administering trimethoprim-sulfa drugs for kennel cough?

<p>To check for underlying eye conditions that could be exacerbated by the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a kennel cough outbreak, which approach would be most effective for quickly boosting immunity in at-risk dogs?

<p>Opting for intranasal vaccination to stimulate local immunity rapidly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate explanation for why thoracic radiographs may appear normal in dogs with uncomplicated kennel cough?

<p>Kennel cough primarily affects the upper airways, and early infections do not cause significant changes in the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Quantum Dog DA2PPL vaccine help prevent kennel cough?

<p>It contains modified-live viruses that protect against canine distemper, adenovirus, and parainfluenza Canine Adenovirus Type 2(CAV-2). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are biosecurity measures, such as disinfecting surfaces and isolating infected dogs, essential in controlling CCoV outbreaks in kennels?

<p>To directly kill the CCoV virus in the environment and prevent further spread. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying reason for the recommendation to avoid breeding dogs previously infected with Babesia?

<p>To avoid the risk of vertical transmission of <em>Babesia</em> parasites to offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly increases the risk of CCoV transmission in environments such as kennels and shelters?

<p>The high density of dogs and close contact facilitating fecal-oral transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to determine whether an animal has been vaccinated when assessing rabies risk following a potential exposure?

<p>Vaccination status helps determine the likelihood of the animal carrying and transmitting rabies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical consideration when initiating treatment for a dog suspected of having canine ehrlichiosis?

<p>The need to administer antibiotics for a minimum of 28 days to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Though antibiotics are used to treat kennel cough, when might aerosolized antibiotic therapy be preferred over oral or injectable routes?

<p>In cases where systemic antibiotics are ineffective or the dog is severely affected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately compares the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis?

<p>The acute phase is characterized by obvious symptoms, while the subclinical phase may show no clinical signs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important reason to consider a combination of both avirulent B. bronchiseptica and modified-live parainfluenza vaccine for intranasal use?

<p>To cover the most common viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains why CCoV is considered a canine-specific virus?

<p>It has evolved to specifically target cells in the canine digestive system and is not capable of infecting humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does infection with Rabies virus lead to clinical signs?

<p>The virus travels via peripheral nerves to the brain, leading to central nervous system disturbance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Babesia parasites cause anemia in infected dogs?

<p>Rupturing the infected RBC, causing intravascular and extravascular destruction. Also, the immune system targets infected and even healthy RBCs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is prompt removal of ticks important in preventing Lyme disease in dogs, even if the dog is on a tick preventative?

<p>To prevent the transmission of the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, since it can take as little as one to two days transmit once the tick attaches itself to a dog. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most important for the favorable outcome of Babesia infections in dogs?

<p>Early diagnosis and proper treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a dog tests positive for Lyme disease but shows no clinical signs and has a low antibody level, what is the most appropriate next step a veterinarian should take?

<p>Monitor the dog for any clinical signs and speak with different options so that it can come up with the best treatment plan for the dog. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST method for confirming Rabies?

<p>Immunofluorescence microscopy on fresh brain tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once Lyme disease is established in a dog's body, which factor can trigger a flare-up of Lyme disease symptoms, even after antibiotic treatment?

<p>Suppressed or weakened immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kennel Cough

Inflammation of the upper airways in dogs, often mild but can progress to bronchopneumonia.

Etiology of Kennel Cough

Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus

Clinical Sign of Kennel Cough

A cough that sounds like a “goose honk,” easily induced by palpating the larynx or trachea.

Prevention of Kennel Cough

Administer modified-live virus vaccines against distemper, parainfluenza, and CAV-2.

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Canine Coronavirus (CCoV)

An enteric viral infection causing diarrhea and vomiting and is classified under Alphacoronavirus, distinct from human coronaviruses.

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Transmission of CCoV

Fecal-oral route through contaminated feces, food, water bowls, or bedding.

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Clinical Signs of CCoV

Diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and anorexia; may be more severe in puppies.

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Prevention of CCoV

Vaccination with a killed virus, biosecurity measures, and proper sanitation.

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Rabies

A fatal encephalitis affecting all warm-blooded mammals.

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Transmission of Rabies

Transmitted through virus-laden saliva, usually by the bite of a rabid animal.

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Most Reliable Signs of Rabies

Acute behavioral changes and unexplained progressive paralysis.

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Diagnosis of Rabies

Immunofluorescence microscopy on fresh brain tissue.

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Canine Ehrlichiosis

A bacterial disease in dogs caused by Ehrlichia canis, E. ewingii, or E. chaffeensis.

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Transmission of Ehrlichiosis

Transmitted by brown dog ticks infected with Ehrlichia canis.

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Prevention of Ehrlichiosis

Tick bite preventatives.

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Canine Babesiosis

A tick-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Babesia genus; can cause severe anemia and organ damage.

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Transmission of Babesiosis

Primarily through tick bites, particularly by the brown dog tick

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Prevention of Babesiosis

Regular use of tick preventatives, environmental management, and routine screening.

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Lyme Disease

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria and spreads through a tick bite.

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Treatment of Lyme Disease

Veterinarians treat Lyme disease through a combination of medical therapy and supportive care.

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Kennel Cough Combination

Classical uncomplicated cases involve parainfluenza or adenovirus type 2 with Bordetella bronchiseptica.

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Kennel Cough + Pneumonia

Infections that progress to pneumonia include distemper virus, mycoplasma, or canine influenza.

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Kennel Cough Suspicion

Suspect kennel cough if a cough occurs suddenly 5-10 days post-exposure.

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Kennel Cough Diagnosis

Thoracic radiographs are essential for diagnosis and excluding other cough causes.

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Kennel Cough Vaccine Components

Modified-live virus vaccines protect against distemper, parainfluenza, and CAV-2.

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Intranasal Vaccine Benefit

Intranasal vaccine advantage: It stimulates local immunity.

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Oral Vaccine Administration

Administer oral vaccine inside the cheek with a syringe.

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CCoV Mechanism

This causes enteritis by targeting cells in the small intestine.

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CCoV Risk Factor: Age

Puppies, dogs under 6 months, are at higher risk of severe CCoV infections.

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Common CCoV Symptoms

Dogs with watery diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and anorexia.

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Co-infection Effects (CPV)

This can cause severe gastrointestinal distress and secondary infections.

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Acute Ehrlichiosis Symptoms

Acute fever, respiratory distress, swollen lymph nodes.

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Subclinical Ehrlichiosis

Disease may be present but undetected; may see prolonged bleeding at injection site.

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Chronic Ehrlichiosis

Lameness, neurological problems, anemia, and eye problems.

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Kennel Cough: Pneumonia Progression

Loss of appetite, labored breathing and reduced activity in dogs with kennel cough.

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Kennel Cough Treatment

Good nutrition, hygiene and stress reduction.

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Kennel Cough Suppressants

Hydrocodone and Butorphanol.

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Kennel Cough Antibiotics

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or doxycycline.

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PCR Testing for CCoV

Distinguishes active from past CCoV infections.

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Supportive CCoV Care

Provides hydration and electrolyte balance.

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Anti-emetics for CCoV

Cerenia or Metoclopramide.

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Anti-Diarrheals for CCoV

Loperamide or Diphenoxylate.

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Sanitation for CCoV

Maintaining clean kennels, food bowls.

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Combination Vaccine.

Quantum DA2PPL. Protects dogs from six diseases.

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Clinical Findings of Rabies

Acute behavioral changes such as Aggression.

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Rabies Diagnosis

Medulla oblongata and cerebellum refrigeration

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Ehrlichiosis Transmission

Dogs do not directly transmit the disease to each other.

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Acute Babesiosis

Fever, pale mucosa, lethargy, enlarged nodes, dark urine.

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Chronic Babesiosis

Intermittent fever, weight loss, mild anemia.

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Study Notes

Treatment of Lyme Disease cont...

  • Dogs require re-checking blood work is recommended after six months of completing antibiotic therapy.
  • Veterinarian will decide on different options so that the plans for the dog are the best.
  • NSAIDs or the steriods could be given to painfuly symptomes like lameness may and resctrictin exercise is needed
  • Lingering diseases don't mean that the lingereing are not a direct result of antibiotic resistance.

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