Building Materials

Natural Materials

• Stone: durable, resistant to weathering, and aesthetically pleasing
  • Types: granite, marble, limestone, sandstone
• Wood: renewable, versatile, and sustainable
  • Types: hardwoods (oak, maple), softwoods (pine, fir)
• Earth: natural, sustainable, and energy-efficient
  • Types: rammed earth, adobe, cob

Man-Made Materials

• Concrete: strong, durable, and versatile
  • Types: reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete
• Steel: strong, durable, and versatile
  • Types: stainless steel, carbon steel, alloy steel
• Glass: transparent, durable, and energy-efficient
  • Types: annealed glass, tempered glass, laminated glass

Composite Materials

• Engineered Wood: combines wood fibers with adhesives and pressure
  • Types: plywood, oriented strand board (OSB)
• Fiber-Cement: combines cement with wood fibers and water
  • Types: fiber-cement boards, fiber-cement siding
• Glazed Tiles: combines clay with glazes and heat
  • Types: ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, mosaic tiles

Sustainable Materials

• Recycled Materials: reduces waste and conserves natural resources
  • Examples: recycled glass, recycled plastic, reclaimed wood
• Low-Carbon Cement: reduces greenhouse gas emissions
  • Examples: Portland limestone cement, supplementary cementitious materials
• Plant-Based Materials: biodegradable and renewable
  • Examples: bamboo, straw bale, hempcrete

自然材料

• 石材：耐用、抗天候、美觀 + 石材類型：花崗岩、 Marble、大理石、砂岩
• 木材：可更新、多用途、可持續 + 木材類型：硬木（橡樹、楓樹）、軟木（松木、柏木）
• 土地：自然、可持續、節能 + 土地類型：夯土、 Adobe泥屋、cob泥屋

人造材料

• 混凝土：強韌、耐用、多用途 + 混凝土類型：鋼筋混凝土、預應力混凝土
• 鋼材：強韌、耐用、多用途 + 鋼材類型：不銹鋼、碳鋼、合金鋼
• 玻璃：透明、耐用、節能 + 玻璃類型：annealed玻璃、tempered玻璃、laminated玻璃

複合材料

• 工程木材：將木材纖維與黏劑及壓力相結合 + 工程木材類型： plywood、oriented strand board (OSB)
• 纖維水泥：將水泥與木材纖維及水相結合 + 纖維水泥類型：纖維水泥板、纖維水泥外牆
• 琺陶瓷磚：將黏土與釉料及熱相結合 + 琺陶瓷磚類型：陶瓷磚、瓷磚、馬賽克磚

可持續材料

• -loop 材料：減少廢棄、保存天然資源 + 例子：recycled玻璃、recycled塑膠、回收木材
• 低碳水泥：減少溫室氣體排放 + 例子：波特蘭石灰石水泥、補充水泥材料
• 植物基材料：生物可降解、可更新 + 例子：竹、稻草包、hempcrete