Kant's Predicates and Existence
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Questions and Answers

What is a deductive argument?

  • A way of proving something by using empirical evidence
  • A method of gaining knowledge from prior experiences
  • A type of reasoning that starts with premises and draws specific conclusions (correct)
  • A form of argument that involves guessing the conclusions

    • What is a-priori knowledge?

  • Knowledge gained from deductive reasoning
  • Knowledge gained from direct experiences or observations
  • Knowledge gained from prior empirical evidence
  • Knowledge gained without relying on prior empirical evidence (correct)

    • What is a-posteriori knowledge?

  • Knowledge gained without relying on prior empirical evidence
  • Knowledge gained from prior experiences or observations (correct)
  • Knowledge gained from making predictions about the future
  • Knowledge gained from deductive reasoning

    • Why is a deductive argument sometimes referred to as 'a-priori' knowledge?

    <p>Because it draws conclusions without relying on prior empirical evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion of Anselm's ontological argument?

    <p>God exists in reality and the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Anselm's ontological argument, why must God exist in reality?

    <p>Because it is greater for God to exist in reality/mind than just in the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm attempt to prove in the second part of his ontological argument?

    <p>That God is a 'Necessary being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature of God does Anselm believe 'necessity' represents?

    <p>'That than which nothing greater can be conceived'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosopher presented the ontological argument in his book 'Meditation 5'?

    <p>Rene Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'I think therefore I am.' is associated with which influential philosopher?

    <p>Rene Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the premise Descartes started with in his ontological argument?

    <p>'God is a supremely perfect being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'A necessary being is greater than a contingent being' – according to Anselm, what does this imply about God?

    <p>'God must be a necessary being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Anselm believe would happen if God simply 'existed' without being a necessary being?

    <p>'God would be like any human being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Descartes, what are some of the predicates or essences of a triangle?

    <p>It has 3 sides that join together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the predicates/essences of a valley according to Descartes?

    <p>It has a down slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Descartes' argument, what must be one of the predicates of a supremely perfect being?

    <p>Existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Descartes claim to have proved using the premise that all objects have certain predicates?

    <p>Existence of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Norman Malcolm, how does he define God?

    <p>An absolutely unlimited being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Malcolm's definition of God imply about God's shape?

    <p>God cannot have a shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malcolm, why can't God exist just in time and space?

    <p>Because time and space limit God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Malcolm's argument, what must God either be based on his definition?

    <p>'A necessary being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1.3

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    2.1

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    2.2

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    2.3

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    What was Gaunilo's main criticism of Anselm's ontological argument?

    <p>He argued that Anselm's logic was deductively ridiculous and could be used to prove anything described from the mind as the greatest must also exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example did Gaunilo use to illustrate the absurdity of Anselm's logic?

    <p>An island</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Anselm counter Gaunilo's island criticism?

    <p>By arguing that it is impossible to imagine an island that is the greatest due to the lack of agreed standard of greatness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Kant's first criticism of the ontological argument?

    <p>He argued that existence is not a predicate/essence of anything.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, what does every object have that makes it that object?

    <p>A predicate/essence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Anselm respond to Gaunilo's criticism using the example of an island?

    <p>By arguing that only God can be described as the greatest, unlike an island.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe Anselm reducing Gaunilo's logic to absurdity using an example?

    <p>'Reductio ad absurdum'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the existence or non-existence of a triangle not alter its predicates/essences?

    <p>Because a triangle's predicates are not affected by whether it exists or not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kant use the example of a 100 Thalers to criticize?

    <p>Descartes' assumption that one of God's predicates must be existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kant argue about the nature of a 'supremely perfect being' according to the text?

    <p>It may have several predicates but existence cannot be one of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of statements do the ontological arguments depend on, according to the text?

    <p>Analytical statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kant argue Anselm, Descartes, and Malcolm needed to do in order to prove their definitions?

    <p>Provide empirical evidence for their definitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm's first argument illustrate, according to the text?

    <p>The fool (non-believer) has to accept the ontological argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aquinas, why can Anselm not possibly understand God in the way he defines God?

    <p>'God is the greatest' is beyond human understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can a-priori knowledge be weaker than a-posteriori knowledge?

    <p>It is not based on our senses, so errors can be avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about a-priori knowledge, as illustrated by the example of Father Christmas?

    <p>It always leads to true conclusions if the premises are true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the ontological argument not support Eastern religions' concept of God?

    <p>Eastern religions have a multitude of gods with varied attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a-posteriori knowledge open to error?

    <p>It relies on sensory perception, which can deceive us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attribute of God is associated with the ontological argument?

    <p>Omnipotence and omnibenevolence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can a-priori knowledge be wrong, as highlighted by philosopher Bertrand Russell's example?

    <p>It relies on deductive reasoning, which can lead to false conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term 'ontological' based on?

    <p>Reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the ontological argument from the cosmological and teleological arguments?

    <p>It uses deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the originator of the Ontological Argument?

    <p>Anselm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of Anselm's ontological argument attempts to prove God's existence?

    <p>Proslogian 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What premise does Anselm start his argument with about the nature of God?

    <p>'God is That Than Which Nothing Greater Can Be Conceived'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm ask in Stage 3 of his argument?

    <p>Whether it is greater for something to exist in reality or just in the mind/imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm compare to illustrate his point in Stage 3?

    <p>A dream and reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm argue is 'greater' in Stage 4 of his argument?

    <p>$10 in reality and in a dream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term does Anselm use for those who do not believe in God?

    <p>'Fools'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Anselm, why are people fools if they do not believe in God?

    <p>'Because it states in Psalm 14 'Fools say there is no God''</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Anselm's ontological argument aim to show about God?

    <p>'God's reality'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning does Anselm use in his ontological argument?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malcolm, what is a 'possible being'?

    <p>A being that only exists for a limited time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Malcolm argue that God cannot be a 'possible being'?

    <p>Because 'possible beings' are limited by something else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being'?

    <p>Because a 'necessary being' is self-sufficient and not dependent on anything else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malcolm, if God does not exist, what is His existence?

    <p>'Impossible'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Malcolm assert that if God doesn't exist now, He can never exist in the future?

    <p>Because God needs to be created, which would limit Him</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being' and not 'completely impossible'?

    <p>Because the concept of God's being a 'necessary being' is not self-contradictory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Malcolm borrow from Leibniz's philosophy to support his argument?

    <p>'Something is true if it is not self-contradictory'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Malcolm argue that God's unlimited nature means He must be necessary?

    <p>Because an unlimited being has no limits and therefore must be necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

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