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Questions and Answers
What is a deductive argument?
What is a deductive argument?
- A way of proving something by using empirical evidence
- A method of gaining knowledge from prior experiences
- A type of reasoning that starts with premises and draws specific conclusions (correct)
- A form of argument that involves guessing the conclusions
What is a-priori knowledge?
What is a-priori knowledge?
- Knowledge gained from deductive reasoning
- Knowledge gained from direct experiences or observations
- Knowledge gained from prior empirical evidence
- Knowledge gained without relying on prior empirical evidence (correct)
What is a-posteriori knowledge?
What is a-posteriori knowledge?
- Knowledge gained without relying on prior empirical evidence
- Knowledge gained from prior experiences or observations (correct)
- Knowledge gained from making predictions about the future
- Knowledge gained from deductive reasoning
Why is a deductive argument sometimes referred to as 'a-priori' knowledge?
Why is a deductive argument sometimes referred to as 'a-priori' knowledge?
What is the main conclusion of Anselm's ontological argument?
What is the main conclusion of Anselm's ontological argument?
According to Anselm's ontological argument, why must God exist in reality?
According to Anselm's ontological argument, why must God exist in reality?
What does Anselm attempt to prove in the second part of his ontological argument?
What does Anselm attempt to prove in the second part of his ontological argument?
What unique feature of God does Anselm believe 'necessity' represents?
What unique feature of God does Anselm believe 'necessity' represents?
What philosopher presented the ontological argument in his book 'Meditation 5'?
What philosopher presented the ontological argument in his book 'Meditation 5'?
'I think therefore I am.' is associated with which influential philosopher?
'I think therefore I am.' is associated with which influential philosopher?
What was the premise Descartes started with in his ontological argument?
What was the premise Descartes started with in his ontological argument?
'A necessary being is greater than a contingent being' – according to Anselm, what does this imply about God?
'A necessary being is greater than a contingent being' – according to Anselm, what does this imply about God?
What did Anselm believe would happen if God simply 'existed' without being a necessary being?
What did Anselm believe would happen if God simply 'existed' without being a necessary being?
According to Descartes, what are some of the predicates or essences of a triangle?
According to Descartes, what are some of the predicates or essences of a triangle?
What is one of the predicates/essences of a valley according to Descartes?
What is one of the predicates/essences of a valley according to Descartes?
Based on Descartes' argument, what must be one of the predicates of a supremely perfect being?
Based on Descartes' argument, what must be one of the predicates of a supremely perfect being?
What did Descartes claim to have proved using the premise that all objects have certain predicates?
What did Descartes claim to have proved using the premise that all objects have certain predicates?
According to Norman Malcolm, how does he define God?
According to Norman Malcolm, how does he define God?
What does Malcolm's definition of God imply about God's shape?
What does Malcolm's definition of God imply about God's shape?
According to Malcolm, why can't God exist just in time and space?
According to Malcolm, why can't God exist just in time and space?
In Malcolm's argument, what must God either be based on his definition?
In Malcolm's argument, what must God either be based on his definition?
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What was Gaunilo's main criticism of Anselm's ontological argument?
What was Gaunilo's main criticism of Anselm's ontological argument?
What example did Gaunilo use to illustrate the absurdity of Anselm's logic?
What example did Gaunilo use to illustrate the absurdity of Anselm's logic?
How did Anselm counter Gaunilo's island criticism?
How did Anselm counter Gaunilo's island criticism?
What was Kant's first criticism of the ontological argument?
What was Kant's first criticism of the ontological argument?
According to Kant, what does every object have that makes it that object?
According to Kant, what does every object have that makes it that object?
How did Anselm respond to Gaunilo's criticism using the example of an island?
How did Anselm respond to Gaunilo's criticism using the example of an island?
What term is used to describe Anselm reducing Gaunilo's logic to absurdity using an example?
What term is used to describe Anselm reducing Gaunilo's logic to absurdity using an example?
Why does the existence or non-existence of a triangle not alter its predicates/essences?
Why does the existence or non-existence of a triangle not alter its predicates/essences?
What did Kant use the example of a 100 Thalers to criticize?
What did Kant use the example of a 100 Thalers to criticize?
What does Kant argue about the nature of a 'supremely perfect being' according to the text?
What does Kant argue about the nature of a 'supremely perfect being' according to the text?
What kind of statements do the ontological arguments depend on, according to the text?
What kind of statements do the ontological arguments depend on, according to the text?
What does Kant argue Anselm, Descartes, and Malcolm needed to do in order to prove their definitions?
What does Kant argue Anselm, Descartes, and Malcolm needed to do in order to prove their definitions?
What does Anselm's first argument illustrate, according to the text?
What does Anselm's first argument illustrate, according to the text?
According to Aquinas, why can Anselm not possibly understand God in the way he defines God?
According to Aquinas, why can Anselm not possibly understand God in the way he defines God?
Why can a-priori knowledge be weaker than a-posteriori knowledge?
Why can a-priori knowledge be weaker than a-posteriori knowledge?
What is a common misconception about a-priori knowledge, as illustrated by the example of Father Christmas?
What is a common misconception about a-priori knowledge, as illustrated by the example of Father Christmas?
Why does the ontological argument not support Eastern religions' concept of God?
Why does the ontological argument not support Eastern religions' concept of God?
What makes a-posteriori knowledge open to error?
What makes a-posteriori knowledge open to error?
What attribute of God is associated with the ontological argument?
What attribute of God is associated with the ontological argument?
Why can a-priori knowledge be wrong, as highlighted by philosopher Bertrand Russell's example?
Why can a-priori knowledge be wrong, as highlighted by philosopher Bertrand Russell's example?
What is the term 'ontological' based on?
What is the term 'ontological' based on?
What distinguishes the ontological argument from the cosmological and teleological arguments?
What distinguishes the ontological argument from the cosmological and teleological arguments?
Who is the originator of the Ontological Argument?
Who is the originator of the Ontological Argument?
Which part of Anselm's ontological argument attempts to prove God's existence?
Which part of Anselm's ontological argument attempts to prove God's existence?
What premise does Anselm start his argument with about the nature of God?
What premise does Anselm start his argument with about the nature of God?
What does Anselm ask in Stage 3 of his argument?
What does Anselm ask in Stage 3 of his argument?
What does Anselm compare to illustrate his point in Stage 3?
What does Anselm compare to illustrate his point in Stage 3?
What does Anselm argue is 'greater' in Stage 4 of his argument?
What does Anselm argue is 'greater' in Stage 4 of his argument?
What term does Anselm use for those who do not believe in God?
What term does Anselm use for those who do not believe in God?
According to Anselm, why are people fools if they do not believe in God?
According to Anselm, why are people fools if they do not believe in God?
What does Anselm's ontological argument aim to show about God?
What does Anselm's ontological argument aim to show about God?
What type of reasoning does Anselm use in his ontological argument?
What type of reasoning does Anselm use in his ontological argument?
According to Malcolm, what is a 'possible being'?
According to Malcolm, what is a 'possible being'?
Why does Malcolm argue that God cannot be a 'possible being'?
Why does Malcolm argue that God cannot be a 'possible being'?
Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being'?
Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being'?
According to Malcolm, if God does not exist, what is His existence?
According to Malcolm, if God does not exist, what is His existence?
Why does Malcolm assert that if God doesn't exist now, He can never exist in the future?
Why does Malcolm assert that if God doesn't exist now, He can never exist in the future?
Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being' and not 'completely impossible'?
Why does Malcolm argue that God must be a 'necessary being' and not 'completely impossible'?
What does Malcolm borrow from Leibniz's philosophy to support his argument?
What does Malcolm borrow from Leibniz's philosophy to support his argument?
Why does Malcolm argue that God's unlimited nature means He must be necessary?
Why does Malcolm argue that God's unlimited nature means He must be necessary?
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