37 Questions
What kind of memory deficit did Patient HM experience after the removal of his hippocampus?
Complete anterograde episodic memory deficit
Which part of the brain was removed from Patient HM, leading to memory impairment?
Medial temporal lobe
What type of memory was spared in Patient HM despite the memory deficit for events?
Procedural memory
What was the impact of the surgery on Patient HM's ability to memorize new events?
Impairment in memorizing new events
What deficit did Patient HM experience in recalling events that had occurred up to three years before the surgery?
Partial retrograde memory deficit
Which structure could play a central role in the encoding of episodic memories?
Amygdala
What is the standard theory of episodic memory consolidation proposed by Larry Squire?
Slow consolidation process leading to neocortical storage becoming stand alone
What did Meunier et al. (1993) find about the deficit caused by rhinal lesions?
Perirhinal cortex explains most of the deficit caused by rhinal lesions
What contributes equally to memory formation according to the findings?
Amygdala and Hippocampus
What is spared in terms of memory formation regarding patient HM?
Semantic memory
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in relation to memory?
Encoding fast incidental conjunctions between very different stimulus representations
What does CA1 in the hippocampus do in the memory retrieval process?
Receives random code from CA3 and links to cortical input pattern
What is the main role of the cortex in memory formation?
Contributing to the slow, incremental formation of conjunctions between similar stimuli
Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for generating random codes due to diffuse cortical projections?
CA3
What is the significance of the activation pattern in CA1 for memory retrieval?
It becomes linked to cortical input pattern and is instrumental for memory retrieval
What is one of the main conclusions of the multiple-trace theory?
Hippocampal codes provide necessary indexes for different memories
What is a key role of the hippocampus according to the multiple-trace theory?
Orchestrating cortical binding and indexing
What happens during post-exploration sleep according to Wilson and McNaughton's experiment?
Re-activation of the correlation pattern observed during the explorative behavior period
What does the experiment by Hoffman & McNaughton in 2002 support about hippocampal-cortical networks?
CA1 units represent a spatial context linked to rich set of experiences/events/episodes/landmarks
What is a distinguishing feature between hippocampus and neocortex in terms of memory consolidation?
Hippocampus shows fast plasticity allowing one-trial learning
What is the molecular basis of plasticity and learning?
Genomic tools to manipulate plasticity
What are the neurophysiological basis of plasticity and learning?
Habituation and sensitization
What does sensitization involve in terms of early-phase functional effects?
cAMP
What is the role of a receptor in the neuronal signaling process?
To bind to neurotransmitters
What is the function of SNARE proteins in neuronal signaling?
To detach synaptic vesicles from the reserve pool
How does phosphorylation of SNAP-25 by PKC affect exocytosis?
Inhibits interaction with syntaxin
What is the main function of calmodulin in the neuronal signaling process?
To form a complex with calcium ions
What is the significance of synapsin I phosphorylation in neuronal signaling?
Causes dissociation of synapsin I from the vesicular membrane
Which molecular tool allows for spatially and temporally specific manipulation of gene expression?
Optogenetics
What is the primary function of LoxP / Cre in molecular biology?
To disrupt original gene function
Which gene manipulation tool is used to interfere with LTP and CA1 place fields?
CREB-Cre
What is the function of Halorhodopsins in optogenetics?
Conducts chloride ions into the cytoplasm
What is the key feature of viruses used as vectors in genetic engineering for optogenetics?
Insertion into genomic DNA
What is the primary reason for the green signal being confined to the nuclei in CA I and CA J?
The green signal from ChR2-EYFP in CA I and CA J does not spread to the entire cells
What is described as a single-component light-activated regulator of transmembrane ion flow?
Bacteriorhodopsin
Dentate Gyrus, CA3, CA2, CA1, Subiculum
Dentate Gyrus, CA4, CA3, CA2, CA1, Subiculum
Explore the role of the hippocampus and amygdala in memory formation, consolidation, and storage. Learn about their interconnected networks, involvement in emotional memory, and their clinical relevance in understanding memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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