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Questions and Answers

What kind of memory deficit did Patient HM experience after the removal of his hippocampus?

  • Retrograde semantic memory deficit
  • Enhanced ability to memorize new events
  • Partial anterograde semantic memory deficit
  • Complete anterograde episodic memory deficit (correct)
  • Which part of the brain was removed from Patient HM, leading to memory impairment?

  • Occipital lobe
  • Medial temporal lobe (correct)
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • What type of memory was spared in Patient HM despite the memory deficit for events?

  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
  • Procedural memory (correct)
  • Working memory
  • What was the impact of the surgery on Patient HM's ability to memorize new events?

    <p>Impairment in memorizing new events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficit did Patient HM experience in recalling events that had occurred up to three years before the surgery?

    <p>Partial retrograde memory deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure could play a central role in the encoding of episodic memories?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard theory of episodic memory consolidation proposed by Larry Squire?

    <p>Slow consolidation process leading to neocortical storage becoming stand alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Meunier et al. (1993) find about the deficit caused by rhinal lesions?

    <p>Perirhinal cortex explains most of the deficit caused by rhinal lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes equally to memory formation according to the findings?

    <p>Amygdala and Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spared in terms of memory formation regarding patient HM?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hippocampus in relation to memory?

    <p>Encoding fast incidental conjunctions between very different stimulus representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CA1 in the hippocampus do in the memory retrieval process?

    <p>Receives random code from CA3 and links to cortical input pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the cortex in memory formation?

    <p>Contributing to the slow, incremental formation of conjunctions between similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for generating random codes due to diffuse cortical projections?

    <p>CA3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the activation pattern in CA1 for memory retrieval?

    <p>It becomes linked to cortical input pattern and is instrumental for memory retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main conclusions of the multiple-trace theory?

    <p>Hippocampal codes provide necessary indexes for different memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of the hippocampus according to the multiple-trace theory?

    <p>Orchestrating cortical binding and indexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during post-exploration sleep according to Wilson and McNaughton's experiment?

    <p>Re-activation of the correlation pattern observed during the explorative behavior period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the experiment by Hoffman & McNaughton in 2002 support about hippocampal-cortical networks?

    <p>CA1 units represent a spatial context linked to rich set of experiences/events/episodes/landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature between hippocampus and neocortex in terms of memory consolidation?

    <p>Hippocampus shows fast plasticity allowing one-trial learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular basis of plasticity and learning?

    <p>Genomic tools to manipulate plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the neurophysiological basis of plasticity and learning?

    <p>Habituation and sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sensitization involve in terms of early-phase functional effects?

    <p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a receptor in the neuronal signaling process?

    <p>To bind to neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of SNARE proteins in neuronal signaling?

    <p>To detach synaptic vesicles from the reserve pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does phosphorylation of SNAP-25 by PKC affect exocytosis?

    <p>Inhibits interaction with syntaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of calmodulin in the neuronal signaling process?

    <p>To form a complex with calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of synapsin I phosphorylation in neuronal signaling?

    <p>Causes dissociation of synapsin I from the vesicular membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular tool allows for spatially and temporally specific manipulation of gene expression?

    <p>Optogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of LoxP / Cre in molecular biology?

    <p>To disrupt original gene function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene manipulation tool is used to interfere with LTP and CA1 place fields?

    <p>CREB-Cre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Halorhodopsins in optogenetics?

    <p>Conducts chloride ions into the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of viruses used as vectors in genetic engineering for optogenetics?

    <p>Insertion into genomic DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the green signal being confined to the nuclei in CA I and CA J?

    <p>The green signal from ChR2-EYFP in CA I and CA J does not spread to the entire cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as a single-component light-activated regulator of transmembrane ion flow?

    <p>Bacteriorhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers






    <p>Dentate Gyrus, CA3, CA2, CA1, Subiculum</p> Signup and view all the answers







    <p>Dentate Gyrus, CA4, CA3, CA2, CA1, Subiculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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