Juvenile Justice Systems and Procedures

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What was the primary focus of the early Juvenile Court system?

Child abuse and neglect (correct)

Juvenile delinquency

Status offenses

Adult criminal offenses

What was the age of criminal responsibility in the early American juvenile justice system?

10 years old

14 years old

5 years old

7 years old (correct)

What was required for the prosecution of a child between the ages of 7 and 14?

Proof of judgment or discernment (correct)

Proof of parental consent

Proof of criminal behavior

Proof of intent

What was the age of full discernment and responsibility in the early American juvenile justice system?

14 years old Signup and view all the answers

What was the typical living situation for abandoned children in the United States during the 19th century?

Poorhouses or asylums Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the child who was subjected to abuse and neglect, leading to the formation of the child protection system?

Mary Ellen Wilson Signup and view all the answers

Who was the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals?

Henry Bergh Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the missionary who helped Mary Ellen McCormack?

Etta Wheeler Signup and view all the answers

What was the period during which children were placed on 'orphan trains' and sent to the developing western United States?

1854-1930 Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the child protection system and Juvenile Court process begin in New York City?

1874 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Juvenile Court system?

To guide juvenile offenders towards rehabilitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested time allocation for describing the general legal framework of the juvenile justice process?

10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Missouri juvenile justice system?

Juvenile justice and procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of law enforcement in the Juvenile Court process?

To investigate and apprehend alleged juvenile offenders Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested time allocation for listing the specific standards and requirements for investigations of status offenses?

70 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the best practices for general procedural issues and circumstances involving juvenile offenders?

Procedural issues and circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of secure juvenile detention and placement alternatives?

To provide an alternative to traditional detention Signup and view all the answers

What is the total time allocated for this lesson plan?

6 hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of whip did Mamma use to whip the narrator?

A twisted whip made of raw hide Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the early Juvenile Courts?

To act in the place of parents and rehabilitate youth Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'parens patriae' based on?

English Common Law Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Kent v. United States case?

The Supreme Court ruled that juveniles require the same due process protections as adults Signup and view all the answers

What was Mary Ellen's outcome after being raised by Etta Wheeler's sister?

She married at the age of 24 and had two children who became teachers Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Kent v. United States case?

It was the first Supreme Court case to modify the long-standing belief that juveniles did not require the same due process protections as adults Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Judge in the early Juvenile Courts?

A 'father figure' Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Morris Kent's case in the Appellate courts?

His appeals were rejected and his sentence was upheld Signup and view all the answers

What was the age of Morris Kent when he was charged with rape and robbery?

16 Signup and view all the answers

What state developed the first Juvenile Court system in 1903?

Missouri Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of the United States Supreme Court in the McKeiver v. Pennsylvania case?

Preserving the informal and protective nature of Juvenile Courts Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Breed v. Jones case?

The Court ruled that an adjudication in Juvenile Court is equivalent to a trial in criminal court Signup and view all the answers

What was the age of Joseph McKeiver when he was charged with robbery, larceny, and receiving stolen goods?

16 Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the Gault and Winship decisions, according to the text?

Enhancing the accuracy of the Juvenile Court process in the fact-finding stage Signup and view all the answers

What was the concern of the State Supreme Court in the McKeiver case?

That trial by jury would 'destroy the traditional character of juvenile proceedings' Signup and view all the answers

What was the age of Gary Jones when he was charged with armed robbery?

17 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue in the McKeiver v. Pennsylvania case?

The right to a jury trial in Juvenile Courts Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the Breed v. Jones case for juvenile offenders?

They were protected from double jeopardy Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the McKeiver v. Pennsylvania case?

It rejected the requirement of jury trials in Juvenile Courts Signup and view all the answers

What was the concern of the United States Supreme Court in the Breed v. Jones case?

Waiver to criminal court violated the double jeopardy clause Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of the Supreme Court in the case of In re Gault?

The lack of due process protections for juveniles Signup and view all the answers

What was the offense that Gerald Gault was accused of committing?

Making obscene phone calls Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the In re Gault case?

It modified the previous findings that juveniles did not require the same due process protections as adults Signup and view all the answers

What was the maximum sentence for an adult for the same offense as Gault?

A $50 fine or 2 months in county jail Signup and view all the answers

What was the issue presented in the In re Gault case?

Gault's constitutional rights were denied Signup and view all the answers

What was the ruling of the Supreme Court in the In re Gault case?

In hearings that could result in commitment, juveniles have the right to notice, counsel, cross-examination, and protection against self-incrimination Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the In re Winship case?

It established the standard of evidence required in Juvenile Court as 'proof beyond reasonable doubt' Signup and view all the answers

What was the offense that Samuel Winship was accused of committing?

Stealing money from a store Signup and view all the answers

What was the standard of evidence used in the Juvenile Court hearing in the In re Winship case?

Preponderance of evidence Signup and view all the answers

What was the issue presented in the In re Winship case?

The standard of evidence required in Juvenile Court Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the search of the juvenile's purse in theJuvenile Court?

The evidence found was deemed admissible and the juvenile was adjudicated delinquent Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the case regarding the juvenile's purse?

It adopted a lower 'reasonable ground' standard for school officials to conduct searches Signup and view all the answers

What was Christopher Simmons sentenced to in 1993?

Death penalty Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roper v. Simmons?

On the basis of scientific knowledge and sociological research on adolescent brain development Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum age at which a person can be subjected to the death penalty in the United States?

18 years of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Missouri Juvenile Court system as outlined in Section 211.011 RSMo?

To provide a legal framework for the treatment of juvenile delinquents Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Roper v. Simmons case?

It drew a clear line as to what is considered to be the age of majority at eighteen years of age Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the search of the juvenile's purse in the Appellate Court?

The Appellate Court vacated the adjudication of delinquency and remanded on other grounds Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis of the Vice Principal's search of the juvenile's purse?

The Vice Principal had reasonable suspicion that the juvenile was in possession of cigarettes Signup and view all the answers

What was the Supreme Court's holding in the case of the juvenile's purse?

The search of the purse was deemed reasonable and the evidence found was admissible Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Juvenile Court?

To facilitate the care, protection and discipline of children Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Juvenile Court in ensuring the best interests of the child?

To balance the interests of the juvenile with the interests of the State Signup and view all the answers

What is the guiding principle of holding juvenile offenders accountable?

To ensure the child is held accountable for their actions in a timely and appropriate manner Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the rehabilitative approach in the juvenile justice system?

To view the young offender as a developing person who can be influenced to adopt a non-offending, productive life style Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the case management process in the juvenile justice system?

To ensure sanctions to address the juvenile's behavior in the least restrictive setting that produces an outcome of no further law violations by the juvenile Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Juvenile Court in ensuring the protection of the community?

To balance the interests of the juvenile with the interests of the State in the context of providing services to the juvenile while also ensuring the protection of the community Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the strength-based services in the juvenile justice system?

To help juvenile offenders develop basic competencies such as anger management, appropriate responses to authority, empathy for others, educational achievement, vocational skills etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the guiding principle of restoring the victim?

To guide juvenile offenders to restore the victim as part of the juvenile justice process Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Law Enforcement officer in the juvenile justice system?

To hold juveniles accountable for their actions starting from the initial contact and investigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Juvenile Court process?

To look beyond a specific offense committed by a child or upon a child to ascertain variables such as environmental circumstances, educational factors, mental health, substance abuse and developmental issues Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the juvenile's request to see his probation officer during the police questioning?

The juvenile's request was denied, but he was allowed to make statements and draw sketches implicating him in the murder. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the Schall v. Martin case?

The court established that the right to speak with an attorney is not the same as the right to speak with any person of one's choosing. Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of the crime allegedly committed by Gregory Martin in 1977?

Robbery, assault, and possession of a weapon. Signup and view all the answers

Why was Gregory Martin held in secure juvenile detention pending adjudication?

Because the court found there was a 'serious risk' that he would commit another crime if released. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the habeas corpus action filed by Martin's attorney?

The lower appellate courts reversed the Juvenile Court's detention order. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding the preventive detention statute?

The Court upheld the constitutionality of the preventive detention statute. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the New Jersey v. T.L.O. case?

The case allowed the use of pretrial detention in juvenile cases, but with certain procedural safeguards. Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason for the Vice Principal's involvement in the New Jersey v. T.L.O. case?

The Vice Principal was the administrator responsible for handling disciplinary actions in the school. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the juvenile's interaction with the teacher in the New Jersey v. T.L.O. case?

The juvenile was escorted to the Principal's office and met with the Vice Principal. Signup and view all the answers

What was the context of the New Jersey v. T.L.O. case?

A school disciplinary proceeding. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Juvenile Court System

No juvenile justice system existed approximately 200 years ago
Children as young as seven years old could be held criminally responsible and incarcerated with adult inmates, and even executed for committing crimes
Prosecution of a child required proof that the child possessed "judgment or discernment"
A child was considered an adult with full discernment and responsibility at 14 years of age
The "State" or government did not interfere in the parent/child relationship
Children were considered property of their parents with no prohibition on harsh, abusive, or torturous discipline and treatment

Development of Juvenile Courts

The first Juvenile Court was developed in Cook County, Illinois in 1899
Missouri followed with the development of a Juvenile Court system in 1903
The purpose of early Juvenile Courts was not to prescribe guilt or punishment but to act in the place of parents and rehabilitate wayward youth
The initial courts were informal, and many hearings were held privately in the Judge's chambers
The Judge served more as a "father figure" than a legal jurist

Concept of "Parens Patriae" or "Parent of the Country"

The concept of "parens patriae" is the legal doctrine that serves as the basis for intervention into the parent/child relationship
Parens Patriae is Latin for "parent of the nation" and is rooted in English common law
The doctrine generally holds that when parents are found to be incompetent or incapable of performing their parental responsibilities — the State can intervene to act in the interests of a child

Landmark Supreme Court Cases

Kent v. United States (1966): The first Supreme Court case to modify the long-standing belief that juveniles did not require the same due process protections as adults
In re Gault (1967): Juveniles have the right to notice and counsel, to cross-examine witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination
In re Winship (1970): The standard of evidence for adjudication of delinquency should be "proof beyond reasonable doubt"
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971): Trial by jury is not a constitutional requirement for juveniles; a state may establish a system for trial by jury but the Court maintained that juvenile cases should not become adversarial and should ideally remain informal and protective in nature
Breed v. Jones (1975): An adjudication in Juvenile Court, in which a juvenile is found to have violated a criminal statute, is equivalent to a trial in criminal court
Fare v. Michael C. (1979): The right to speak to an attorney is not the right to speak with anyone of the person's choosing but to speak with an attorney
Schall v. Martin (1984): Pretrial detention of a juvenile is constitutional if there is probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed a crime and if the detention is necessary to protect the juvenile or the community### Martin v. State
Martin was held in secure juvenile detention pending adjudication due to a "serious risk" of committing another crime if released.
Martin's attorney filed a habeas corpus action, challenging the fundamental fairness of preventive detention.
The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the preventive detention statute.
The Court stated that preventive detention serves a legitimate State objective in protecting both the juvenile and society from pretrial crime.
The Court found that there were enough procedures in place to protect juveniles from wrongful deprivation of liberty.

New Jersey v. T.L.O.

A 14-year-old juvenile female was discovered smoking cigarettes in a school bathroom, violating a school rule.
The Vice Principal searched the juvenile's purse, finding a pack of cigarettes, drug paraphernalia, and other evidence.
The juvenile was charged in Juvenile Court and was adjudicated to be delinquent.
The United States Supreme Court held that students in public schools have a constitutional right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment.
The Court stated that school officials have a responsibility to maintain the discipline necessary for education.
The search conducted by the Vice Principal was deemed reasonable by the United States Supreme Court.

Roper v. Simmons

Christopher Simmons was sentenced to death in 1993 for a kidnapping and murder that occurred as part of a burglary.
The United States Supreme Court ruled that executing a person less than eighteen years of age was unconstitutional.
The Court relied on scientific knowledge and sociological research to substantiate that adolescent brain development and environmental circumstances are substantial factors to be considered.
The decision drew a clear line as to what is considered to be the age of majority at eighteen years of age.

Missouri Juvenile Court System

The statutorily defined purpose of the Missouri Juvenile Court system is to facilitate the care, protection, and discipline of children.
The Juvenile Court is to provide care, guidance, and control that conduces to the child's welfare and the best interests of the State.
The Juvenile Court is to ensure that when a child is removed from a parent, care equivalent to what should have been provided by the parent is secured for the child.

Rehabilitative Approach

The Missouri Juvenile Justice system operates with a belief system based on rehabilitation, with a view toward the young offender as a developing person.
The system aims to influence the juvenile to adopt a non-offending, productive life style.

Guiding Principles for Case Management Activities

Offender accountability: Juvenile offenders should be held accountable for their actions in a timely and appropriate manner.
Restoring the victim: Juvenile offenders should be guided to restore the victim as part of the juvenile justice process.
Competency development: Juvenile offenders should develop basic competencies such as anger management, educational achievement, and vocational skills.
Strength-based services: Many juvenile offenders have experienced significant failure and are often disengaged from society.

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Description

This quiz covers the history of the Juvenile Court system, philosophical tenets guiding Juvenile Courts, and critical terms in the Missouri juvenile justice system.