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Questions and Answers
What was the primary determination and outcome for those involved with the juvenile courts in the past?
What kind of system were black youthful offenders involved in?
What kind of programs were introduced as community-based corrections?
What did the federal government establish to address the issue of overcrowded juvenile incarceration facilities?
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What did states shift their large-scale and often poorly maintained correctional facilities towards?
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What was the focus of juvenile court reform in the present day?
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What have many states implemented in terms of juvenile justice?
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Who has led many of the juvenile justice reforms?
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What kind of trends have federal policies shifted states towards?
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What was the public and policy makers' reaction to juvenile crime in the past?
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What were some of the factors contributing to the increase in juvenile crime in the past?
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What is the current approach to dealing with first-time and low-level youthful offenders?
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Study Notes
- Black youthful offenders were prosecuted in adult courts and placed in adult prisons, as well as involved in the convict leasing system.
- Institutionalization of youthful offenders became the primary determination and outcome for those involved with the juvenile courts.
- Community-based corrections were introduced, such as group homes, partial release supervision, and halfway houses.
- Juvenile court dockets expanded to include more minor offenses, truancy issues, and child welfare concerns.
- Stronger federal government role, state reform, and depopulating overcrowded juvenile incarceration facilities were established.
- Youthful offenders to be separated from adults in local jails, status offenders to be removed from juvenile institutions, and removal of adolescents from the adult criminal justice system unless charged and transferred as adults.
- States shifted their large-scale and often poorly maintained correctional facilities towards smaller, community, home-type environments.
- Increased focus on due process protection rights and legal protections for youthful offenders.
- Law-and-order approach to dealing with youthful offenders and increased juvenile detention and incarceration.
- Opinions vary on the most effective approach to juvenile justice.
- Juvenile crime was believed to be out of control by both liberal and conservative stakeholders and policy makers.
- Juvenile courts were seen as soft on crime and ineffective.
- Preventative or intervention programs did not work with delinquent adolescents.
- Growing crime problem in the youthful offender population but was short-lived.
- Increase in handgun access and usage alongside expanding drug trade in impoverished communities.
- Public reaction, media coverage, and policy makers' responses were disproportionate to what was actually happening.
- Today's juvenile court reform focuses on improving public safety, diverting first-time and low-level youthful offenders away from the courts, and investing in effective prevention and treatment alternatives.
- Many states have implemented evidence-based practices and rigorous evaluation methods.
- Independent foundations, such as the MacArthur Foundation and the Annie E. Casey Foundation, have led many of these reforms.
- Federal trends have shifted states toward a rehabilitative paradigm and require them to determine the existence and extent of their disproportionate contact and confinement of minority youthful offenders.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history of juvenile justice reform, covering topics such as the institutionalization of youthful offenders, community-based corrections, federal government role, and changing approaches to dealing with juvenile crime.
