Justice and Rights Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does Immanuel Kant's concept of rights emphasize?

  • Rights are granted by the state without obligation.
  • Rights are entitlements to be treated in a specific way.
  • Moral obligations of society to provide entitlements. (correct)
  • Rights depend solely on individual circumstances.
  • How does John Locke define freedom?

  • Freedom is acting without coercion by an arbitrary will. (correct)
  • Freedom is the absence of any societal constraints.
  • Freedom exists only in a state of complete anarchy.
  • Freedom is subjected to the arbitrary will of another.
  • Which thinker is associated with the Entitlement Theory of Justice?

  • J.S. Mill
  • John Rawl
  • Robert Nozick (correct)
  • Amartya Sen
  • What does Aristotle's view of justice primarily focus on?

    <p>Fairness in the distribution of honors and wealth based on equity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures Amartya Sen's view of justice?

    <p>Justice involves both fair procedure and the realization of justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology emphasizes individual autonomy and rights over the common good?

    <p>Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the theory that defines justice as perfect obligation?

    <p>J.S. Mill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Andrew Heywood argue about rights?

    <p>Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a specific manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political thinker relates freedom to obeying laws aligned with the political community's general will?

    <p>Rousseau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the modern interpretation of liberalism?

    <p>Welfare state and distributive justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of international relations is primarily addressed by liberalism as opposed to realism?

    <p>Economic and social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that democracies typically avoid wars due to societal pressures?

    <p>Democratic Peace Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do liberalism and neo-liberalism differ in their approaches to international relations?

    <p>Liberalism is idealistic, while neo-liberalism is pragmatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key obstacle to cooperation among states in a neo-liberal perspective?

    <p>Cheating and non-compliance by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the states’ behavior in a neo-liberal context?

    <p>States focus on maximizing absolute gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who originally introduced the concept of democratic peace theory?

    <p>Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic approaches are closely linked to liberalism?

    <p>Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neo-liberalism, what is the significance of institutions?

    <p>They facilitate peace and cooperation among states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the belief in hierarchies and authority within the context of liberalism?

    <p>Edmund Burke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is central to postmodernism regarding knowledge?

    <p>Knowledge as subjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common belief among anarchists regarding formal authority?

    <p>It is an unnecessary evil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the view in post-structuralism that truth is subjective and constructed through power and knowledge?

    <p>Subjectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of classical conservatism?

    <p>View of society as an organic entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ideologies are anarchist beliefs often categorized as?

    <p>Stateless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following thinkers is associated with nihilism and postmodern critiques of meta-narratives?

    <p>Nietzsche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of conservatism, Oakeshott argues for a preference for the:

    <p>Familiar over the unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following is identified with contemporary right-wing ideology across regions?

    <p>Margaret Thatcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of feminism that distinguishes it from other ideologies addressed?

    <p>Emphasis on equality and justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Justice

    • Justice is defined as the harmony of individual and class duties, performing duties to the best of one's abilities (Plato).
    • Aristotle defined justice as fairness in resource distribution, honors, and punishments, based on proportional and arithmetic equality.
    • John Rawls viewed justice as fairness in the distribution of resources, awards, honors, and political offices.
    • Robert Nozick's entitlement theory proposes that a just society distributes holdings based on individual entitlement.
    • Amartya Sen's perspective emphasizes practical reasoning and the difference between just procedures and realized justice.
    • J.S. Mill considered justice as a perfect obligation.

    Rights

    • Immanuel Kant argued that a person has a right to X if others have a moral obligation to provide or allow them X.
    • Andrew Heywood defined rights as entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way.
    • Holland stated rights as a capacity of influencing others' acts through social strength.
    • Bosanquet defined rights as claims recognized by society and enforced by the state.
    • Laski argued that rights are conditions for an individual to reach their full potential.
    • Hobhouse defined rights as expectations from others, conditions of social welfare, important for individuals to reach their full potential.

    Liberty/Freedom

    • Rousseau associated freedom with obeying laws reflecting the community's general will.
    • T.H. Green viewed freedom as a positive power to do or enjoy something valuable.
    • Hobbes defined a free man as one who is not hindered from acting on their will according to their ability.
    • Friedrich Hayek described freedom as being free from coercion by another's arbitrary will.
    • John Locke described freedom as acting without coercion, within moral law.

    Major Political Ideologies

    • Liberalism: Emphasizes individual autonomy, rights, and the improvement of social institutions and arrangements.
      • Classical liberalism advocates for a minimal state and inviolable property rights.
      • Modern liberalism supports a welfare state, distributive justice, and multiculturalism.
    • Neo-Liberalism: A more pragmatic approach emphasizing state power, institutions for peace and cooperation, while acknowledging the anarchic world order. States are rational actors maximizing their interests. Cooperation is driven by absolute gains and mutual state benefit
    • Democratic Peace Theory: Liberal democracies are less prone to war. This theory links to the beliefs of Immanuel Kant.
    • Conservativism: Focuses on hierarchy, order, authority, and gradual social change. Priorities the familiar and tried over the unknown, the concrete over propositions as well as fact over mystery.
    • Post-modernism: Challenging the concept of truth, viewing knowledge as subjective and socially constructed. Power and knowledge are intertwined.
    • Anarchism: Opposed to any formal authority, preferring a stateless society based on voluntary cooperation.

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    Description

    Explore the various philosophical definitions of justice and rights from thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, John Rawls, and more. This quiz covers the harmony of duties, fairness in resource distribution, and entitlements in society. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in political philosophy.

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