Justice and Rights Overview

Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth, rewards, honors, political offices, punishments etc , based on the principle of equity- proportional and arithmetic equality.

A person has a right to X when if and only if others have moral obligation to provide or allow him/her X.

It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying.

Classical liberalism emphasizes minimal state intervention, universal and inviolable property rights, personal freedom, and individuals' rights.

Modern liberalism believes in the welfare state, distributive justice, multiculturalism, and social progress.

Justice as the harmony of the soul, where each individual and class performs their duty to the best of their abilities and aptitudes.

Justice as fairness in the distribution of resources, awards, honors, and political offices.

The entitlement theory of justice states that the distribution of holdings in a society is just if everyone in that society is entitled to what they have.

Justice as a perfect obligation and based on practical reasoning. It includes both justice as fair procedure (Niti) and justice realized (Nyaya).

Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way.

Two dominant theories with differing perspectives on international relations.

Focuses on issues like economics, social development, and environmental concerns, while 'high politics' deals with national security, war, and diplomacy.

A belief in moral values, global interconnectedness, progress toward a better world, and the importance of international institutions to maintain peace.

Focuses on the role of institutions in facilitating cooperation and peace, even within an anarchic international system.

States are rational actors in the anarchic international system, always trying to achieve their goals, which can be diverse.

In cooperative ventures, states focus on what they gain individually, rather than comparing their gains to other states, but they also worry about being cheated.

Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other because their citizens are hesitant to support conflict.

States may choose to support international institutions if those institutions benefit them and help them achieve their goals.

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, hierarchy, and limited government intervention. Conservatives believe in gradual change, preserving existing institutions, and upholding social order.

A school of thought that emphasizes the importance of social customs, practices, and traditions in shaping society. It views society as an organic entity that has evolved over time.

A political philosophy that advocates for the absence of any form of hierarchical, external authority in managing socio-political arrangements.

A form of anarchism that believes in the inherent goodness of human nature and the ability of individuals to cooperate and manage social life without external force or coercion.

A theory that posits that knowledge is not merely a cognitive factor, but also a normative and political construct. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of power and knowledge.

A philosophical movement that rejects grand narratives and universal truths, arguing that all knowledge is subjective and context-dependent.

A branch of post-modernism that challenges the notion of fixed meaning and emphasizes the role of language and discourse in shaping reality.

The belief that reality is socially constructed and that there is no objective truth independent of human perception and interpretation.

A critique of classical liberalism and positivism, emphasizing the limitations of reason and the importance of subjectivity and lived experience.

A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. It promotes individual autonomy and self-reliance.