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Questions and Answers
What does Immanuel Kant's concept of rights emphasize?
What does Immanuel Kant's concept of rights emphasize?
How does John Locke define freedom?
How does John Locke define freedom?
Which thinker is associated with the Entitlement Theory of Justice?
Which thinker is associated with the Entitlement Theory of Justice?
What does Aristotle's view of justice primarily focus on?
What does Aristotle's view of justice primarily focus on?
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Which of the following best captures Amartya Sen's view of justice?
Which of the following best captures Amartya Sen's view of justice?
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Which ideology emphasizes individual autonomy and rights over the common good?
Which ideology emphasizes individual autonomy and rights over the common good?
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Who is associated with the theory that defines justice as perfect obligation?
Who is associated with the theory that defines justice as perfect obligation?
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What does Andrew Heywood argue about rights?
What does Andrew Heywood argue about rights?
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Which political thinker relates freedom to obeying laws aligned with the political community's general will?
Which political thinker relates freedom to obeying laws aligned with the political community's general will?
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What is the primary concern of the modern interpretation of liberalism?
What is the primary concern of the modern interpretation of liberalism?
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What aspect of international relations is primarily addressed by liberalism as opposed to realism?
What aspect of international relations is primarily addressed by liberalism as opposed to realism?
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Which theory suggests that democracies typically avoid wars due to societal pressures?
Which theory suggests that democracies typically avoid wars due to societal pressures?
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How do liberalism and neo-liberalism differ in their approaches to international relations?
How do liberalism and neo-liberalism differ in their approaches to international relations?
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What is a key obstacle to cooperation among states in a neo-liberal perspective?
What is a key obstacle to cooperation among states in a neo-liberal perspective?
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Which of the following best describes the states’ behavior in a neo-liberal context?
Which of the following best describes the states’ behavior in a neo-liberal context?
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Who originally introduced the concept of democratic peace theory?
Who originally introduced the concept of democratic peace theory?
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What economic approaches are closely linked to liberalism?
What economic approaches are closely linked to liberalism?
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In neo-liberalism, what is the significance of institutions?
In neo-liberalism, what is the significance of institutions?
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Which philosopher is associated with the belief in hierarchies and authority within the context of liberalism?
Which philosopher is associated with the belief in hierarchies and authority within the context of liberalism?
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What concept is central to postmodernism regarding knowledge?
What concept is central to postmodernism regarding knowledge?
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What is a common belief among anarchists regarding formal authority?
What is a common belief among anarchists regarding formal authority?
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Which term best describes the view in post-structuralism that truth is subjective and constructed through power and knowledge?
Which term best describes the view in post-structuralism that truth is subjective and constructed through power and knowledge?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of classical conservatism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of classical conservatism?
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What type of ideologies are anarchist beliefs often categorized as?
What type of ideologies are anarchist beliefs often categorized as?
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Which of the following thinkers is associated with nihilism and postmodern critiques of meta-narratives?
Which of the following thinkers is associated with nihilism and postmodern critiques of meta-narratives?
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In the context of conservatism, Oakeshott argues for a preference for the:
In the context of conservatism, Oakeshott argues for a preference for the:
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Who among the following is identified with contemporary right-wing ideology across regions?
Who among the following is identified with contemporary right-wing ideology across regions?
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What is a key principle of feminism that distinguishes it from other ideologies addressed?
What is a key principle of feminism that distinguishes it from other ideologies addressed?
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Study Notes
Justice
- Justice is defined as the harmony of individual and class duties, performing duties to the best of one's abilities (Plato).
- Aristotle defined justice as fairness in resource distribution, honors, and punishments, based on proportional and arithmetic equality.
- John Rawls viewed justice as fairness in the distribution of resources, awards, honors, and political offices.
- Robert Nozick's entitlement theory proposes that a just society distributes holdings based on individual entitlement.
- Amartya Sen's perspective emphasizes practical reasoning and the difference between just procedures and realized justice.
- J.S. Mill considered justice as a perfect obligation.
Rights
- Immanuel Kant argued that a person has a right to X if others have a moral obligation to provide or allow them X.
- Andrew Heywood defined rights as entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way.
- Holland stated rights as a capacity of influencing others' acts through social strength.
- Bosanquet defined rights as claims recognized by society and enforced by the state.
- Laski argued that rights are conditions for an individual to reach their full potential.
- Hobhouse defined rights as expectations from others, conditions of social welfare, important for individuals to reach their full potential.
Liberty/Freedom
- Rousseau associated freedom with obeying laws reflecting the community's general will.
- T.H. Green viewed freedom as a positive power to do or enjoy something valuable.
- Hobbes defined a free man as one who is not hindered from acting on their will according to their ability.
- Friedrich Hayek described freedom as being free from coercion by another's arbitrary will.
- John Locke described freedom as acting without coercion, within moral law.
Major Political Ideologies
-
Liberalism: Emphasizes individual autonomy, rights, and the improvement of social institutions and arrangements.
- Classical liberalism advocates for a minimal state and inviolable property rights.
- Modern liberalism supports a welfare state, distributive justice, and multiculturalism.
- Neo-Liberalism: A more pragmatic approach emphasizing state power, institutions for peace and cooperation, while acknowledging the anarchic world order. States are rational actors maximizing their interests. Cooperation is driven by absolute gains and mutual state benefit
- Democratic Peace Theory: Liberal democracies are less prone to war. This theory links to the beliefs of Immanuel Kant.
- Conservativism: Focuses on hierarchy, order, authority, and gradual social change. Priorities the familiar and tried over the unknown, the concrete over propositions as well as fact over mystery.
- Post-modernism: Challenging the concept of truth, viewing knowledge as subjective and socially constructed. Power and knowledge are intertwined.
- Anarchism: Opposed to any formal authority, preferring a stateless society based on voluntary cooperation.
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Description
Explore the various philosophical definitions of justice and rights from thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, John Rawls, and more. This quiz covers the harmony of duties, fairness in resource distribution, and entitlements in society. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in political philosophy.