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Questions and Answers

What does AAA stand for in the context of computer resources?

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (correct)

Authentication, Authorization, and Access

Authorization, Authentication, and Access

Access, Authorization, and Authentication

What is the main purpose of the AAA framework?

To intelligently control access to computer resources (correct)

To manage broadband services

To monitor user activity

To provide internet access to users

What is the process of authentication based on?

A user's IP address

A user's name and password

A user's browser type

A user's unique set of criteria for gaining access (correct)

What happens when a user's authentication credentials match the stored credentials?

The user is granted network access Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of authorization?

To enforce policies and determine what types of activities a user is permitted Signup and view all the answers

When does authorization usually occur?

After authentication Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a user's credentials do not match the stored credentials?

Network access is denied Signup and view all the answers

What are the four application software used in data center to manage broadband services?

Motive, Metasolv, Elitecore, and Netsweeper Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of accounting in the AAA framework?

To measure resources consumed during access Signup and view all the answers

What is logged during the accounting process?

Session statistics and usage information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a NOC site?

To manage network operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a DR site?

To provide backup and disaster recovery services Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a site type mentioned in the content?

Authentication site Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of a NOC site?

Bangalore Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of a DR site?

Pune Signup and view all the answers

How are the number of sites determined?

Based on functional and business requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SSSC system?

To communicate user-specific information to Netsweeper Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Policy Server?

To make allow or deny decisions for HTTP requests Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the LDAP system?

To store user data and profiles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Reporter Server?

To record HTTP requests, user IDs, and rulings made Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Gateway Filter?

To intercept HTTP requests and ask for permission Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Administration Console?

To manually control the Policy Server, Gateway Filter, and Reporter Server Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the SSSC system communicate to Netsweeper?

User-specific information Signup and view all the answers

What is the repository for user data and profiles?

LDAP Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv help you manage more effectively?

Database of numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Metasolv's product catalog?

Correlating product offerings with network capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Metasolv's automated path analysis?

Significantly reduced provisioning time Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of Metasolv's user interface?

Improved productivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for an ISP's provisioning of digital data?

Managing based on user credentials Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deploying servers in a central location?

To manage overall network from a single interface Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv help integrate with back-office information about networks?

Customer relationship management systems Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv help manage across a network?

Products and services Signup and view all the answers

What type of visualization does Metasolv provide across all hierarchies of the network?

Multilayer graphical visualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of viewing relationships between different network technologies in Metasolv?

To see where you can make improvements and where you are already achieving your goals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a technology supported by Metasolv modules?

Fiber Channel Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does Metasolv maintain about the equipment supporting the network?

The equipment's relationship to the locations, connections, and carrier systems Signup and view all the answers

How can you install equipment using Metasolv?

Using a specification that reflects your unique implementation Signup and view all the answers

What can you associate with network components in Metasolv?

Equipment for capacity planning, troubleshooting, or other purposes Signup and view all the answers

What capabilities can be integrated with equipment capabilities in Metasolv?

Bar coding or other auditing mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can you get about all the equipment in your network using Metasolv?

Timely and accurate data about all the equipment in your network Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the AAA framework?

To intelligently control access to computer resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of authentication in the AAA framework?

To provide a way of identifying a user Signup and view all the answers

What happens after a user's authentication credentials are verified?

The user is granted access to the network Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of authorization in the AAA framework?

To enforce policies Signup and view all the answers

Where will Proxy AAA forward authentication request for prepaid customers?

Main AAA server Signup and view all the answers

What is the common thread between Motive, Metasolv, Elitecore, and Netsweeper?

They are all application software used in data center to manage broadband services Signup and view all the answers

What will be stored for each NAS in postpaid scenario?

CDRs Signup and view all the answers

What is the AAA framework used for?

Intelligently controlling access to computer resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between authentication and authorization?

Authorization occurs after authentication Signup and view all the answers

How many Proxy AAA servers will be present at Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of the AAA framework?

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Signup and view all the answers

What information will Proxy AAA verify from LDAP server?

Customer status only Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Proxy AAA in postpaid service?

To verify customer status from LDAP server and authenticate customer Signup and view all the answers

What type of service is considered when Proxy AAA forwards authentication request to Main AAA server?

Prepaid service Signup and view all the answers

What system will extract CDRs with Pull method in postpaid scenario?

Mediation system Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of multiple NOC sites mentioned in the content?

Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Elite Radius (AAA) in the context of the network element?

To perform authentication and authorization Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for the subscriber to connect the service?

Entering Username and Password Signup and view all the answers

What does Elite Radius get from Subscriber LDAP Profile?

Other attributes along with Credit Limit Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the subscriber disconnects the service?

NAS/BRAS sends Accounting Stop request Signup and view all the answers

What is the interface used between Elite Radius and different Network Elements?

Radius Protocol Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Step 3 in the Postpaid Service Flow?

To check the Credit Limit of the subscriber Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Step 5 in the Postpaid Service Flow?

Subscriber will successfully connect the service Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Elite Radius in the Oracle Database?

To interface with Oracle RDBSM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of accounting in the AAA framework?

To measure the resources a user consumes Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is logged during the accounting process?

Session statistics and usage information Signup and view all the answers

What does the policy server do after receiving a request from the gateway filter?

It logs the request and sends a allow/deny decision Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a NOC site?

To manage network operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a POP site?

To act as a point of preference Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using Metasolv solution?

It helps in managing inventory across diverse networks Signup and view all the answers

What type of data does Metasolv solution help to capture?

All network and service inventory data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a DR site?

To maintain a backup of all site information Signup and view all the answers

How are the number of sites determined?

Based on functional and business requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the logged data in the AAA framework?

To track request, client Id, category, and allow/deny decision Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv solution help to integrate with?

Network facing information sources, including existing network management systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the NOC site?

Bangalore Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Metasolv's configurable portlets?

It allows users to tailor access to relevant data Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the DR site?

Pune Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Metasolv's inventory management?

Rapid delivery and intelligent design of all services Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does Metasolv provide to decision-makers?

Key inventory data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of accounting in the AAA framework?

To measure and track resource utilization Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is logged during the accounting process?

Session statistics and usage information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Point of Preference (POP) site?

To control network traffic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a Network Operations Center (NOC) site?

To monitor and control network operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Disaster Recovery (DR) site?

To provide backup and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What determines the number of sites in the network?

Functional and business requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between accounting and authorization in the AAA framework?

Accounting is a prerequisite for authorization Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of accounting in the AAA framework?

Resource utilization data Signup and view all the answers

What type of information will Main AAA receive from Proxy AAA for prepaid customers?

Balance information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Proxy AAA in postpaid scenario?

To verify customer status from LDAP server Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Mediation system in postpaid scenario?

To extract CDRs with Pull method Signup and view all the answers

How many Proxy AAA servers will be present at each of Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What information will Proxy AAA verify from LDAP server?

Customer status Signup and view all the answers

What happens when customer type is prepaid service?

Proxy AAA forwards authentication request to Main AAA Signup and view all the answers

What will be stored for each NAS in postpaid scenario?

CDRs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of LDAP server in postpaid scenario?

To verify customer status Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Elite Radius in the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

To check the Credit Limit of the subscriber Signup and view all the answers

What happens after the subscriber's Credit Limit is available in the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

Elite Radius gets other attributes from Subscriber LDAP Profile Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Proxy AAA in the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

To do AA functionality locally Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Elite Radius in terms of Network Element (NAS)?

To perform different Radius Policy related action Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the subscriber disconnects the service in the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

NAS/BRAS sends Accounting Stop request to Elite Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the interface between Elite Radius and Oracle RDBSM for?

To satisfy various Tender Clauses Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Step 5 of the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

Subscriber will successfully connect the service Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Step 3 in the POSTPAID SERVICE FLOW?

To check the Credit Limit of the subscriber Signup and view all the answers

Which system communicates user-specific information to the Netsweeper system?

SSSC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Gateway Filter?

To intercept HTTP requests and ask the Policy Server for a decision Signup and view all the answers

What is the repository for user data and profiles?

LDAP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Policy Server?

To hold the BSNL categorization list and user filtering rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Reporter Server?

To record HTTP requests, user ID, and ruling made Signup and view all the answers

What is the interface that allows manual control of the Policy Server, Gateway filter, and Reporter Server?

Administration Console Signup and view all the answers

What is the system that holds the user filtering rules and makes the allow or deny decision?

Policy Server Signup and view all the answers

What intercepts the HTTP request and asks the Policy Server for a decision?

Gateway Filter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a NAS?

To act as a gateway to guard access to a protected resource Signup and view all the answers

Which system is used to process post-paid CDRs before being passed to the Rating and Billing System?

Kenan Mediation System Signup and view all the answers

What type of interface is used between the Kenan Mediation System and the Rating and Billing System?

FTP interface with pull or push functionality Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Kenan Pre-Paid Billing System?

To get authorization parameters and balance-related details Signup and view all the answers

Which interface is used between the Kenan Pre-Paid Billing System and Elite RADIUS?

PARLAY CORBA OSA API interface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Elite RADIUS system?

To query OpenWave and perform AAA related functions Signup and view all the answers

In which service is the BNG used as a NAS?

Multiplay Broadband service Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the AAA framework?

To intelligently control access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the necessary information to bill for services Signup and view all the answers

During the authentication process, what is checked to grant access to the network?

A valid username and password Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of authorization in the AAA framework?

To determine what resources a user is permitted to access Signup and view all the answers

What are the four application software used in data center to manage broadband services?

Motive, Metasolv, Elitecore, and Netsweeper Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a user's authentication credentials do not match the stored credentials?

The user is denied access to the network Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between authentication and authorization?

Authorization occurs after authentication Signup and view all the answers

What is the common thread between Motive, Metasolv, Elitecore, and Netsweeper?

They are all application software used in data center to manage broadband services Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the AAA framework?

To intelligently control access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the necessary information to bill for services Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Elite Radius in the postpaid service flow?

To check the Credit Limit of the subscriber Signup and view all the answers

What is the interface between Elite Radius and Network Element?

Radius Protocol Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Step 3 of the postpaid service flow?

Elite Radius checks the Credit Limit of the subscriber Signup and view all the answers

What does Elite Radius get from the Subscriber LDAP Profile?

Other attributes along with the Credit Limit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Step 5 in the postpaid service flow?

To successfully connect the service Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NAS/BNG in the postpaid service flow?

To send Accounting Stop requests to Elite Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Elite Radius checking the Credit Limit of the subscriber?

Elite Radius gets other attributes from the Subscriber LDAP Profile Signup and view all the answers

What is the interface between Elite Radius and Oracle RDBMS?

Oracle Interface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of accounting in the AAA framework?

To track and manage the resources used by a user Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is logged during the accounting process?

Session statistics and usage information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a NOC site?

To control network traffic Signup and view all the answers

What type of visualization does Metasolv provide across all hierarchies of the network?

Multilayer graphical Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a DR site?

To provide backup services Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of viewing relationships between different network technologies in Metasolv?

To identify areas of improvement Signup and view all the answers

How are the number of sites determined in the BSNL server infrastructure?

Based on the functional and business requirements Signup and view all the answers

What technologies do Metasolv modules support?

Current and emerging technologies Signup and view all the answers

What information does Metasolv maintain about the equipment supporting the network?

Information about the equipment and its relationships to locations, connections, and carrier systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a NOC site and a POP site?

They are both used for different purposes Signup and view all the answers

How can you install equipment using Metasolv?

Using a specification that reflects your unique implementation Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using accounting in the AAA framework?

It helps in tracking and managing resource utilization Signup and view all the answers

What can you associate with network components in Metasolv?

Equipment for capacity planning, troubleshooting, or other purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of logging session statistics and usage information?

To track and manage resource utilization Signup and view all the answers

What capabilities can be integrated with equipment capabilities in Metasolv?

Bar coding or other auditing mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can you get about all the equipment in your network using Metasolv?

Timely accurate data about all equipment, whether on or off-net Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Metasolv's product catalog?

Correlating simple and complex product offerings with network capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of Metasolv's automated path analysis?

Simplified network design across all layers Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv help integrate with back-office information about networks?

Customer relationship management systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for an ISP's provisioning of digital data?

Provisioning based on user credentials Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deploying servers in a central location for an ISP?

To integrate front-office information with back-office information Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv manage across a network?

Products and services Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of Metasolv's user interface?

Increased productivity Signup and view all the answers

What does Metasolv help manage more effectively?

Database of numbers (telephone numbers and IP resources) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

AAA Service

AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting.
It is a framework for controlling access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the necessary information for billing.
Authentication verifies a user's identity, typically by checking a valid username and password.
Authorization determines what resources a user is permitted to access after authentication.
Accounting measures the resources a user consumes during access, including system time and data sent/received.

BSNL Server Sites

BSNL has placed servers at different sites to control network traffic.
Sites include:
- NOC (Network Operations Center) site: Bangalore
- POP (Point of Preference) sites: Mumbai and Noida
- DR (Disaster Recovery) site: Pune
Number of sites can be added or removed as per functional and business requirements.

Netsweeper

Netsweeper is an application that filters HTTP requests.
Components of Netsweeper include:
- Gateway filter: intercepts HTTP requests and asks for permission.
- Policy Server: holds the BSNL categorization list and user filtering rules.
- Reporter Server: records HTTP requests, user IDs, and rulings.
- Administration Console: manual control of the policy server, gateway filter, and reporter server.
Associated applications:
- SSSC (Subscriber Service Selection Centre): communicates user-specific information to Netsweeper.
- LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): system repository for user data.

Metasolv

Metasolv provides multilayer graphical visualization across all network hierarchies.
It allows viewing of relationships between different network technologies.
Modules support current and emerging technologies, including:
- IP services (VoIP, IP VPN)
- Cable and Broadband services
- Ethernet
- ATM/FR (including Layer 2 VPNs)
- Mobile services
- MPLS and MPLS VPN
- DSL
- SONET/SDH
- Optical (including meshed SONET and DWDM)
Metasolv maintains information about equipment supporting the network.
It allows for installation, association, and tracking of equipment.
Equipment capabilities can be integrated with other asset tracking capabilities.
Metasolv helps manage the database of numbers (telephone and IP resources).
It provides user-defined telephone formats and functionality for managing number portability.
It communicates with customer relationship management systems to integrate front-office and back-office information.
It helps manage products and services delivered across the network.
It provides automated path analysis and network design across all network layers.
It has an intuitive, configurable, and easy-to-use user interface.

Elitecore

No specific information about Elitecore in the provided text.

Motive

No specific information about Motive in the provided text.

AAA Service

AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
AAA is a framework for intelligently controlling access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the information necessary to bill for services
Authentication provides a way of identifying a user, typically by checking a valid username and valid password before access is granted
Authorization determines whether a user has the authority to use the resources and enforces policies
Accounting measures the resources a user consumes during access, including system time and data sent and/or received during a session

BSNL Server Sites

BSNL has placed servers at different sites to control network traffic
Sites include:
- NOC Site (Network Operations Centre) - Bangalore
- POP Site (Point of Preference) - Mumbai and Noida
- DR Site (Disaster Recovery Site) - Pune
Number of sites can be added or removed as per functional and business requirements

Proxy AAA

Proxy AAA forwards authentication requests to Main AAA server for prepaid services
For postpaid services, Proxy AAA verifies customer status from LDAP server and authenticates customer
Proxy AAA stores CDRs for each NAS and mediation system extracts these CDRs with Pull method

Elite Radius (AAA)

Elite Radius has an interface with Oracle RDBMS to perform different Radius policy-related actions
Elite Radius interfaces with different Network Elements to perform AAA-related activities based on Radius Protocol

Postpaid Service Flow

Step 1: Subscriber is provisioned in LDAP system
Step 2: Subscriber enters username and password, and the request is received by Proxy AAA from NAS/BNG
Step 3: Elite Radius checks credit limit of the subscriber
Step 4: If necessary credit limit is available, Elite Radius gets other attributes from Subscriber LDAP Profile along with credit limit
Step 5: Subscriber successfully connects the service
Step 6: When subscriber disconnects the service, NAS/BRAS sends Accounting Stop request to Elite Radius and Elite Radius generates CDRs

Metasolv Overview

Metasolv solution offers robust and leading-edge inventory and order management capabilities
Metasolv allows capturing and correlating network and service inventory data, and reporting it as meaningful information
Metasolv can integrate with network-facing information sources, including existing network management systems, element management systems, fault and performance management systems, and legacy data stores

AAA Framework

Accounting measures the resources a user consumes during access, including system time or data sent/received during a session.
Accounting involves logging session statistics and usage information for authorization control, billing, trend analysis, resource utilization, and capacity planning.

BSNL Server Sites

BSNL has servers at different sites to control network traffic: NOC (Network Operations Centre), POP (Point of Preference), and DR (Disaster Recovery) sites.
These sites can be added or removed based on changes in functional and business requirements.

Server Sites Locations

Bangalore is a NOC site.
Mumbai and Noida are POP sites.
Pune is a DR site.

Proxy AAA

Proxy AAA forwards authentication requests to the Main AAA server for prepaid services.
For postpaid services, Proxy AAA verifies customer status from the LDAP server and authenticates customers.

NAS (Network Access Servers)

NAS acts as a gateway to guard access to a protected resource (e.g., telephone network or Internet).
NAS connects to another resource (RADIUS) to validate client credentials.

Elite RADIUS & External System Interface

Elite RADIUS has an External Systems Interface (ESI) layer that integrates with various systems, including Kenan Mediation, Kenan Pre-Paid Billing, OpenWave, LDAP, Oracle Database, and Network Elements.
Each system interface has a specific purpose and interface ID.

Postpaid Service Flow

Step 1: Subscriber provisioning in LDAP system.
Step 2: Subscriber connects service, entering username and password.
Step 3: Elite Radius checks credit limit and performs AA functionality.
Step 4: Elite Radius gets subscriber attributes from LDAP profile along with credit limit.
Step 5: Subscriber connects service successfully.
Step 6: NAS/BRAS sends accounting stop request to Elite Radius, generating CDRs.

Netsweeper Components

Gateway filter: intercepts HTTP requests and asks for permission.
Policy Server: holds BSNL categorization list and user filtering rules.
Reporter Server: records HTTP requests, user ID, and ruling made.
Administration Console: manual control of policy server, gateway filter, and reporter server.

AAA Service

AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
It is a framework for intelligently controlling access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the information necessary to bill for services

Authentication

Provides a way of identifying a user, typically by checking a valid user name and valid password before access is granted
The process of authentication is based on each user having a unique set of criteria for gaining access
The AAA server compares a user's authentication credentials with user credentials stored in a database

Authorization

Determines whether the user has the authority to use the resources
The authorization process enforces policies, determining what types or qualities of activities, resources, or services a user is permitted
Usually occurs within the context of authentication

Accounting

Measures the resources a user consumes during access
This can include the amount of system time or the amount of data a user has sent and/or received during a session
Accounting is carried out by logging of session statistics and usage information and is used for authorization control, billing, trend analysis, resource utilization, and capacity planning activities

BSNL Server Sites

NOC Site (Network Operations Centre): Bangalore
POP Site (Point of Preference): Mumbai and Noida
DR Site (Disaster Recovery Site): Pune

Elite Radius (AAA)

Will have an interface with Oracle Database to perform different Radius Policy related actions
Will interface with different Network Elements (NAS) to perform AAA related activity
Will check the Credit Limit of the subscriber

Postpaid Service Flow

Step 1: Provisioning of subscriber in LDAP system
Step 2: Subscriber enters Username & Password, request received by Proxy AAA from NAS/BNG
Step 3: Elite Radius checks Credit Limit of subscriber
Step 4: Elite Radius gets other attributes from Subscriber LDAP Profile along with the Credit Limit
Step 5: Subscriber successfully connects the service
Step 6: Elite Radius generates CDRs when subscriber disconnects the service

Metasolv

Provides multilayer graphical visualization across all hierarchies of the network
Supports current and emerging technologies such as IP services, Cable and Broadband services, Ethernet, ATM/FR, Mobile services, MPLS and MPLS VPN, DSL, SONET/SDH, and Optical
Maintains information about the equipment supporting the network
Helps manage database of numbers (telephone numbers and IP resources) more effectively
Communicates with customer relationship management systems to integrate front-office information about customers with back-office information about networks
Provides automated path analysis and network design across all network layers

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts and working of application software like Motive, Metasolv, Elitecore, and Netsweeper used in data centers to manage broadband services.