Jose Rizal: Biography and timeline

Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal

• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is Rizal's full name
• He was born in Calamba, Laguna
• Rizal's birthday is on June 19, 1861
• Rizal had 10 siblings, making him the 7th child in the family
• Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos is Rizal's mother
• Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro is Rizal's father
• Rizal's death occurred on December 30, 1896

Rizal Timeline

• 1864: Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother at three
• Rizal was sent to Biñan at nine, studying under Padre Justiniano Aquino Cruz
• He was advised to move to Manila after a few months, as the teacher had taught Rizal everything he knew
• January 20, 1872: Rizal entered Ateneo Municipal de Manila
• His achievements in Ateneo Municipal de Manila, included receiving medals and sobresaliente grades in all subjects
• He obtained a Bachiller en Artes degree with sobresaliente grades, the highest honor
• 1873: Rizal studied Filosofia y Letras at the University of Santo Tomas
• He simultaneously studied surveying at Ateneo Municipal de Manila and took up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas
• May 5, 1882: Rizal traveled to Europe to continue his studies
• 1884-1885: Rizal continued studying Medicina and Filosofia y Letras in Madrid, Spain, completing his courses
• He began studying English and also studied German and Italian

Noli Me Tangere

• The title translates to "Touch Me Not" or "Huwag Mo Akong Salingin"
• The novel's first half was written in Madrid around 1884
• The fourth part was written in Paris
• Another part was written in Germany
• The novel was published in Berlin
• Noli Me Tangere was published in March 1887 with 2,000 copies
• Dr. Maximo Viola sponsored the publishing of Noli Me Tangere

El Filibusterismo

• The execution of the three priests, GOMBURZA, inspired the writing of El Filibusterismo
• El Filibusterismo is considered a political novel
• The title translates to "The Reign of Greed" or "Ang Paghahari ng Kasakiman"
• El Filibusterismo was printed in Ghent, Belgium
• September 18, 1891: El Filibusterismo was published
• La Liga Filipina was founded on July 3, 1892
• Valentin Ventura aided in the publication of El Filibusterismo

El Filibusterismo Characters

• Simoun: The main character, a wealthy jeweler who is secretly Crisóstomo Ibarra from "Noli Me Tangere"
• Simoun returned to seek revenge and incite revolution
• Basilio: A survivor of the tragedy in "Noli Me Tangere" and is now a medical student
• Isagani: A poet and idealistic student who is Paulita Gomez's lover
• Paulita Gomez: A beautiful and wealthy young woman who is Isagani's lover but marries Juanito Pelaez
• Juli (Juliana): The daughter of Kabesang Tales and Basilio's lover
• She is a symbol of innocence and sacrifice
• Kabesang Tales: A farmer turned outlaw due to hardship and injustice
• Padre Florentino: A Filipino priest with a deep love for his country
• Padre Salvi: A manipulative parish priest also connected to "Noli Me Tangere."
• Don Custodio: An arrogant government official
• Ben Zayb: A self-serving journalist always seeking fame
• Juanito Pelaez: A wealthy student courting Paulita Gomez
• Placido Penitente: A student frustrated with the education system
• Makaraig: A leader of the students who advocates for reform
• Padre Camorra: A friar with bad habits, known for being rude and abusive
• Padre Irene: A priest who supports the students but has ulterior motives
• Quiroga: A wealthy Chinese businessman who wants to enter high society by befriending officials
• Ginoong Pasta: A lawyer tasked to help the students but is afraid to go against the Spaniards
• Sandoval: A Spanish student who agrees with the goals of the Filipino students
• Tandang Selo: Juli's grandfather who suffered after a series of tragedies in his family
• Hermanito Bali and Hermanita Penchang: Religious characters who showed different faces of faith
• Donya Victorina: A mestiza who pretends to be a Spaniard and looks down on Filipinos
• Don Custodio: A Filipino official who pretends to care for the country but is very conservative
• Pecson: A creative and thoughtful student, but often negative or pessimistic in outlook
• Don Timoteo Pelaez: The father of Juanito Pelaez and one of those who benefit from the system
• Gobernador-Heneral: The leader who shows disinterest and obedience to the friars

Chapter 1: "Sa Kubyerta" (On the Deck)

• This chapter depicts a journey on the Pasig River using the steamer Tabo
• Characters discuss various aspects of colonial government and society during the journey
• Characters include Simoun, Don Custodio, Ben Zayb, Padre Irene, and officials

Chapter 2: "Sa Ilalim ng Kubyerta" (Under the Deck)

• This chapter describes the events under the deck of the steamer Tabo
• Characters from different social classes gather
• The chapter shows the conditions of laborers, youth, and others facing various problems
• Discussions about social issues and their views on the colonial system

Chapter 3: "Ang Mga Alamat" (The Legends)

• Simoun narrates various legends around the lake and Mount Makiling to select characters on the ship
• One legend tells of Doña Geronima, courted by a man who became an archbishop
• The man abandoned Doña Geronima, but she remained on the mountain as a hermit
• Another legend tells of Malapad na Bato, once a sacred place, but became a hideout for bandits due to people's fear of spirits

Chapter 4: "Si Kabesang Tales" (Kabesang Tales)

• This chapter focuses on Kabesang Tales, a farmer who became a victim of injustice
• How he lost the land he worked hard to cultivate is presented
• Initially, the land seemed ownerless, but friars later claimed it, leading to his revolt
• Despite everything, he chose to endure and work harder, but continued oppression and failures led him to become an outlaw

Chapter 5: "Ang Noche Buena ng Isang Kutsero" (A Coachman's Christmas Eve)

• This chapter shows the hardship experienced by ordinary people during the Christmas season
• The story tells of a coachman traveling with a passenger but discovered he had no lights on his carriage, which was against the rules
• As a result, he was arrested by the civil guards and punished
• This chapter serves as a commentary on the unfair enforcement of laws and lack of consideration for the poor

Chapter 6: "Si Basilio" (Basilio)

• The story focuses on Basilio, a medical student at San Juan de Letran
• His life is narrated from his mother's death, Sisa, to his attempts to rise from poverty
• Despite everything he went through, he became diligent and patient, hoping for a better future
• This chapter also shows when Simoun visited Basilio to persuade him to join the revolution

Chapter 7: "Si Simoun" (Simoun)

• The chapter contains a scene describing the atmosphere in Quiapo
• The shops, vendors, and people show a lively trade daily
• Basilio is walking down the street while thinking about his future and the possibility of joining Simoun's plan
• Amid the busy streets, Basilio contemplated the state of society and his role

Chapter 8: "Maligayang Pasko" (Merry Christmas)

• Displays the arrival of Christmas, but instead of joy, sadness is revealed to many characters
• Juli, suffering from Basilio's arrest, decided to ask for help from Padre Camorra, despite her hesitation
• This decision had painful consequences, serving as a symbol of injustice in society and the desperation of the poor

Chapter 9: "Si Pilato" (Pilate)

• The story about the family of Kabesang Tales, especially Tandang Selo is revealed
• The chapter refers to the injustice experienced by the family due to the dominance of the friars and the colonial system
• Title reflects the apathy of those in power, as if they were washing their hands of responsibility, like Pontius Pilate in the Bible
• It also shows Juli's continued suffering after facing the tragedy that befell her family

Chapter 10: "Kayamanan at Karalitaan" (Wealth and Poverty)

• Contrast between the rich and poor in society is described
• Displays the extravagant lifestyle of those in power, such as Simoun, who has an extensive collection of jewelry, against the poverty of those like Kabesang Tales and his family
• The story suggests a deep reflection on society, where wealth often comes from the exploitation of others

Chapter 11: "Los Baños" (Los Baños)

• The chapter took place at the governor-general's vacation home in Los Baños
• He and the friars and other officials are talking about various issues, including the request from students to establish an Academy of the Spanish Language
• Instead of seriously discussing the request, they used it as a topic of jokes and mockery
• The slow and corrupt system of government, as well as the lack of concern of those in power for the welfare of Filipinos is demonstrated

Chapter 12: "Si Placido Penitente" (Placido Penitente)

• The story focuses on Placido Penitente, a student who is tired of the education system full of abuse and injustice
• The crookedness of teachers who scare students rather than teach them correctly is shown
• His abilities are ridiculed and despised, causing Placido to doubt the value of his education
• Finally, he decided to run away to escape the hardships of student life

Chapter 13: "Ang Klase sa Pisika" (The Physics Class)

• The Physics class, led by a teacher who is more interested in making jokes and showing his power is presented
• The students listen without interest, and the whole scene serves as a critique of the education system during the colonial period
• The pointlessness of teaching and the lack of concern for the real learning of young people is clear

Chapter 14: "Sa Bahay ng mga Mag-aaral" (At the House of the Students)

• The organization of students gathered at Makaraig's house, the group leader ,to discuss their request to build the Academy of Spanish Language is show
• The students share their respective opinions, plans, and positions
• Their enthusiasm and unity despite different personalities is seen
• The division in their views and the influence of those in power over their goals is presented

Chapter 15: "Si Ginoong Pasta" (Ginoong Pasta)

• Isagani visited Ginoong Pasta, a lawyer, to ask for help for the students' petition regarding the construction of the Academy of the Spanish Language
• Ginoong Pasta's fear of facing the friars and the government is shown, causing him to reject Isagani's request
• Instead, he gave Isagani advice that did not align with the youth's aspirations, and showed his obedience to the system

Chapter 16: "Ang mga Kapighatian ng Isang Tsino" (The Tribulations of a Chinese Man)

• The life of Quiroga, a Chinese merchant, and his hardship is described
• Quiroga wanted to have a consulate of China in the Philippines to facilitate his business
• To achieve his goal, he needed to conspire and bribe government officials
• Despite his wealth, he continues to experience discrimination and abuse from the powerful

Chapter 17: "Ang Perya sa Quiapo" (The Fair in Quiapo)

• The fair in Quiapo, a place full of pleasure, entertainment, and various shows is described
• Different aspects of society through the characters and scenes are shown
• The magic of Mr. Leeds, part of the presentation of modern technology and science, which sparked the interest of many, including the friars

Chapter 18: "Mga Kadayaan" (Deceptions)

• This chapter takes place at the fair, where Mr. Leeds' show is presented
• The highlight of the show is the mysterious talking head
• The talking head gave a message about the evil of the colonial government, causing fear and apprehension to the friars and other officials

Chapter 19: "Ang Mitsa" (The Fuse)

• The story of Kabesang Tales and his decision to join the outlaws is seen
• The "fuse" symbolizes the start of the revolution
• The intense injustice and oppression became the fuse for the uprising
• Simoun is seen speaking with Basilio as he tried to persuade Basilio to join the revolution, but Basilio hesitated

Chapter 20: "Ang Nagpapalagay" (The Presumptuous One)

• The decision on the academy of Spanish language is in the hands of Don Custodio
• Don Custodio de Salazar y Sanchez de Monteredondo is famous in Manila society and every moves are noticed by reporters
• When asked about the state of the students' plans, Don Custodio answered with hesitation

Chapter 21: "Mga Ayos-Maynila" (Manila Scenes)

• Different kinds of people can be seen in the city of Manila.
• The different faces of society are seen on the streets, where friars, the rich, youth, the poor, and other members of society are described
• The reactions of people to social problems and included their different attitudes, habits, and customs were presented

Chapter 22: "Ang Pagtatanghal" (The Performance)

• The theater is full of people and the show had not begun
• High-ranking officials were present, and the request of the students to establish an academy

Chapter 23: "Isang Bangkay" (A Corpse)

• This chapter illustrates the terrifying scene of the revelation of the body under the ground
• As Basilio walks near his mother's grave, Sisa, he discovers the remains of a body buried secretly
• This scene will is a symbol of injustice and the continued suffering of the poor
• Meanwhile, Simoun continues to plan his revenge and revolution, and the corpse seems to symbolize the deeper wound of society

Chapter 24: "Mga Pangarap" (Dreams)

• Basilio's imprisonment is discussed
• Isagani walks toward Malecon to meet Paulita to discuss what happened in the theater but meets Dony Victorina

Chapter 25: Tawanan at Iyakan (Laughter and Tears)

• Fourteen young men gathered in the hall of Pansiteria Macanista de Buen Gusto
• They will hold a feast suggested by Padre Irene for the decision awarded by Don Custodio regarding the academy of the Spanish language
• There was laughter and tears from the young men, because they greatly resent the decision made by Don Custodio

Chapter 26: "Mga Paskin" (Posters)

• The students and university officials were startled early one morning
• Revolutionary posters were put on the walls of the school
• The authorities immediately investigated who was responsible
• The students that joined the rally were accused
• Placido was arrested, even though he was innocent
• Macaraig and the others were arrested and sentenced

Chapter 27: "Ang Prayle at Ang Pilipino" (The Friar and The Filipino)

• Isagani and Padre Fernandez conversed

Chapter 28: "Pagkatakot" (Fear)

• Ben Zayb says Filipinos should not be educated
• Quiroga meets Simoun regarding the weapons

Chapter 29: "Ang Huling Pati-Ukol Kay Kapitan Tiyago (The Last Respects to Captain Tiyago)

• The grand funeral of Kapitan Tiago is revealed
• Details relating to the funeral are discussed

Chapter 30: "Si Huli / Juli"

• San Diego are talking about the death of Captain Tiago and the arrest of Basilio
• The details surrounding Juli are provided

Chapter 31: “Ang Mataas na Kawani” (The High Official)

• Isagani and Makaraig were released from prison. Basilio is still inside
• The general does not want to have Basilio released

Chapter 32: "Ang Bunga ng mga Paskin" (The Result of the Posters)

• Education changed after the flyers were posted

Chapter 33: “Ang Huling Matuwid” (The Last Right)

• Simoun confined himself to his room with Basilio
• Details surrounding the impending explosion are discussed

Chapter 34: “Ang Kasal ni Paulita” (Paulita's Wedding)

• Basilio heads to meet Isagani but learns he us away

Chapter 35: “Ang Piging” (The Feast)

• The guests begin to arrive at the feast, but the general has not shown.

Chapter 36: “Mga Kapighatian Ni Ben Zayb” (The Sufferings of Ben Zaybs)

• Ben is unable to sleep
• He tries to write to no avail

Chapter 37: “Ang Hiwagaan” (The Mystery)

• Rumors are spreading
• the people try to decide who is to blame, including Isagani

Chapter 38: “Kasawiang Palad” (Misfortune)

• Those suspected of being bandits were arrested by the government
• Mautang and others are killed

Chapter 39: “Ang Katapusan” (The End)

• Florentino searches for Simoun